美服培酮
| 臨床資料 | |
|---|---|
| 读音 | /ˌmɪfəˈprɪˌstoʊn/[1] |
| 商品名 | Mifegyne、Mifeprex、Korlym及其他 |
| 其他名稱 | RU-486; RU-38486; ZK-98296; 11β-[p-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]-17α-(1-propynyl)estra-4,9-dien-17β-ol-3-one |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a600042 |
| 核准狀況 | |
| 懷孕分級 |
|
| 给药途径 | 口服給藥[2] |
| 藥物類別 | 抗黃體素, 抗糖皮質激素 |
| ATC碼 | |
| 法律規範狀態 | |
| 法律規範 |
|
| 藥物動力學數據 | |
| 生物利用度 | 69% |
| 血漿蛋白結合率 | 98% |
| 药物代谢 | 肝臟 |
| 排泄途徑 | 糞便: 83% 尿液: 9% |
| 识别信息 | |
| |
| CAS号 | 84371-65-3 |
| PubChem CID | |
| IUPHAR/BPS | |
| DrugBank | |
| ChemSpider | |
| UNII | |
| KEGG | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.127.911 |
| 化学信息 | |
| 化学式 | C29H35NO2 |
| 摩尔质量 | 429.60 g·mol−1 |
| 3D模型(JSmol) | |
| 密度 | 1.189 g/cm3 |
| 熔点 | 194 °C(381 °F) |
| 沸点 | 629 °C(1,164 °F) |
| |
| |
美服培酮(INN:mifepristone),亦以其開發代號RU-486著稱,是一種通常與米索前列醇併用的藥物,在個體於懷孕期間進行藥物流產之用。[8]這種組合在懷孕最初63天(9週)內有97%的有效性,[9]且在懷孕中期也同樣有效。[10][11]它亦可單獨用於治療庫欣氏症候群,或在低劑量時作緊急避孕藥用途。[12][13]
使用後最常出現的副作用有腹痛、疲勞和陰道出血。[8]嚴重的副作用有大量陰道出血、細菌感染,若在懷孕期間使用,則有可能導致胎兒先天缺陷。[8]使用時,必須有適當的後續照護。[8][14]美服培酮主要是一種抗黃體素(即黃體素拮抗劑或黃體素阻斷劑)。[8]它透過阻斷黃體素的作用來發揮效果,使子宮頸和子宮血管擴張並引起子宮收縮。[8]美服培酮也具有較弱的抗糖皮質激素作用,可減輕庫欣氏症候群的影響。[15]
美服培酮於1980年研發成功,並於1987年在法國開始用於醫療目的。[16]此藥物於2000年在美國上市,作藥物流產用途,於2010年則獲准用於治療庫欣氏症候群。[17][10][12]它已列入世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單中。[18]美服培酮於2017年1月在加拿大取得醫療用途核准。[19][20]
醫療用途
[编辑]墮胎
[编辑]美服培酮與前列腺素類似物(米索前列醇或吉美前列素)併用,作藥物流產用途。[21][22]醫療機構已證實這種組合既安全又有效。英國皇家婦產科學院發佈的指南指出,使用美服培酮和米索前列醇進行藥物流產,於個體的任何孕齡都合適及有效。[23]世界衛生組織(WHO)和美國婦產科醫師學會推薦將美服培酮與米索前列醇搭配,用於懷孕初期和中期的藥物流產。[24][25][26][27]根據對13項研究報告的回顧顯示,單獨使用美服培酮的效果較差,僅能在54%至92%的懷孕案例中,於1-2週內導致流產。[28]
庫欣氏症候群
[编辑]美服培酮用於治療罹患內源性庫欣氏症候群的成年患者中,因血液中高皮質醇水平(皮質醇過高症)引起的高血糖,這些患者同時患有第2型糖尿病或是葡萄糖耐受不良(參見糖尿病前期),且手術失敗或無法進行手術的情況。[6][15]
早孕流產的醫療處置
[编辑]美服培酮與米索前列醇的組合是處置早孕流產的首選藥物方案。雖然單獨使用米索前列醇也可行,但在米索前列醇給藥前二十四小時加服一劑美服培酮,能提高效果。[29]
其他用途
[编辑]已有使用低劑量的美服培酮進行緊急避孕的做法。[30][31][13]美服培酮也曾用於治療有症狀的平滑肌瘤(子宮肌瘤)和子宮內膜異位症。[32]由於皮質醇水平升高與精神病性抑鬱症有關聯,美服培酮也曾被用作治療之用。[33]
副作用
[编辑]使用美服培酮引起的嚴重併發症非常罕見,約有0.04%至0.09%的案例需要住院治療,0.05%需要輸血。[34]
幾乎所有使用美服培酮/米索前列醇方案的女性都會經歷腹痛、子宮痙攣和陰道出血或是點狀出血,平均持續9至16天。對大多數女性而言,使用米索前列醇後最嚴重的痙攣會持續不到6小時,通常可透過使用布洛芬來控制。[35]高達8%的女性曾經歷過某種類型的出血,持續30天或更長時間。其他較不常見的副作用有噁心、嘔吐、腹瀉、頭暈、疲勞和發燒。[36]骨盆腔發炎是一種非常罕見但嚴重的併發症。[37]
一項上市後研究的總結提出截至2011年4月,美國約有152萬名女性曾使用美服培酮,其中有14例報告在使用後死亡。這14例死亡中,有8例與敗血症相關;其餘6例死因則多樣,包括藥物濫用和疑似謀殺。其他向美國食品藥物管理局(FDA)報告的事件包括612例非致命性住院、339例輸血、48例嚴重感染,以及總計2,207例(0.15%)的不良事件。[38]
目前尚未進行評估美服培酮致癌潛力的長期研究。此種做法符合國際醫藥法規協和會(ICH)指南的規定 - 對於預計使用時間少於六個月的非基因毒性藥物,並未要求進行致癌性測試。[39]
懷孕
[编辑]單獨使用美服培酮,在1至2週內導致流產的成功率約為54%至92%。[28][40]若在服用美服培酮後給予米索前列醇,其有效性會提升至90%以上。[41]目前沒證據顯示美服培酮的效果可逆轉,[28][42]但一些參與反墮胎運動的團體聲稱可透過使用孕酮來逆轉其作用。[43][44]
藥理學
[编辑]藥效學
[编辑]美服培酮是一種類固醇抗皮質激素劑(針對孕酮受體的半數抑制濃度(IC50為0.025奈摩爾(nM)),同時也是抗糖皮質激素(針對糖皮質激素受體的IC50為2.2nM)和抗雄激素(針對雄性激素受體的IC50為10nM),但後兩者的作用程度低得多。[45]它在受體層面競爭性地拮抗皮質醇的作用。[46]
美服培酮作為常規避孕藥,每日2毫克的劑量可以預防排卵(每日1毫克則無此作用)。單次排卵前服用10毫克的美服培酮可將排卵延遲三到四天,其緊急避孕效果與單次服用1.5毫克左炔諾孕酮相當。[47]
藥物動力學
[编辑]美服培酮的生物半衰期很複雜。根據說明書指出:"經過分佈期後,消除作用起初緩慢,藥物濃度大約在12至72小時內下降一半,然後加速,得出的生物半衰期是18小時。若使用放射受體測定技術,其最終半衰期可達90小時,此數據包含所有能與孕酮受體結合的美服培酮代謝物。[21]美前列酮是美服培酮的主要代謝物。[48][49][50]
化學
[编辑]美服培酮的化學名稱為11β-(4-(二甲氨基)苯基)-17α-(1-丙炔基)雌甾-4,9-二烯-17β-醇-3-酮,是一種合成的雌烷類固醇,也是孕酮、皮質醇和睪固酮等類固醇激素的衍生物。.[46]它的C11β和C17α位置有取代基,C4(5)和C9(10)位置則有雙鍵。.[46]
歷史
[编辑]1980–1987
[编辑]美服培酮(RU-486)於1980年被合成,並被發現為黃體素受體拮抗劑。[51][52][53][54]1981年,其在瑞士的藥物流產試驗取得成功。[53][55]歷經全球2萬名女性的臨床試驗,法國藥廠羅素·優克福公司於1987年在法國提交藥物流產的上市申請,最終於1988年9月23日獲得批准。[53][56]
1988-1990
[编辑]1988年10月,羅素·優克福公司因反墮胎抗議與主要股東擔憂,一度決定停售美服培酮。[53][57]然而法國政府為公共健康介入,命令其恢復銷售。[53][58]衛生部長克勞德·埃萬強調RU-486是女性的道德財產。[53]此後,該藥在法國免費供34,000名女性使用,並於1990年2月開始以每劑48美元的價格售予法國醫院。[53]
1991-1996
[编辑]美服培酮於1991至1992年間在英國與瑞典取得醫療用途核准。[59][60]雖然赫斯特公司董事長Wolfgang Hilger因自身宗教信仰一度阻礙其普及。[61][53][62]美國總統比爾·柯林頓於1993年上任後介入施壓,要求赫斯特公司在美國供應此藥物。[62][63][64]羅素·優克福公司於1994年無償捐贈美國境內權利予非營利,非政府組織人口理事會,[65]後者則贊助臨床試驗,[66]並於1995年授權給藥物分銷商Danco Laboratories。[67]最終FDA在1996年有條件批准RU-486用於早期懷孕的墮胎用途。[66]
1997-1999
[编辑]赫斯特公司於1997年收購羅素·優克福公司後,[68]宣佈停產及停售美服培酮,並將美國境外權利轉讓給法國藥廠Exelgyn。[69]同年,美國製造美服培酮的藥廠Gedeon Richter因支持生命團體反對此藥物,而退出生產。[70]Exelgyn自1999年起成功讓美服培酮(商品名稱Mifegyne)在11個國家取得核准,並在隨後十年中擴展至更多國家。[71]
2000–迄今
[编辑]人口理事會的次級授權商Danco Laboratories於2000年9月獲得FDA批准,得以品牌名稱Mifeprex銷售美服培酮。
美國第一款美服培酮通用名藥物(學名藥)於2019年上市,由GenBioPro藥廠生產。 [72]
中國有多家製藥公司於2000年初期開始生產美服培酮。[73][74]
社會與文化
[编辑]美服培酮已被列入世界衛生組織基本藥物清單中。[18]它與米索前列醇自2005年起一同列入核心清單,並附有特別說明:"在國家法律允許且文化上可接受的情況下方可使用"。[75]
經濟學
[编辑]但由於成本和可取得性的因素,此藥物在全球許多地區的普及仍受到限制。[76][77]
使用頻率
[编辑]美國
[编辑]美國33個州自願向美國疾病管制與預防中心(CDC)報告的藥物流產案例,自此藥物獲批以來,其佔總墮胎數的百分比每年都在增加:2000年為1.0%,2001年為2.9%,2002年為5.2%,2003年為7.9%,2004年為9.3%,2005年為9.9%,2006年為10.6%,2007年為13.1%(其中妊娠9週以下者佔20.3%)。[78]
歐洲
[编辑]在法國,藥物流產佔所有墮胎的比例持續上升:2003年為38%,2004年為42%,2005年為44%,2006年為46%,2007年為49%(而1996年僅為18%)。[79]在英格蘭和威爾斯,2009年早期墮胎(妊娠不足9週)中有52%是藥物誘導。藥物誘導墮胎在所有墮胎方法中的比例在過去14年來每年都在增加(從1995年的5%上升到2009年的40%),並且在過去五年中翻了一倍以上。[80]在蘇格蘭,2009年早期墮胎中有81.2%是藥物誘導(高於1992年藥物流產引入時的55.8%)。所有墮胎中藥物誘導的比例在過去17年來每年都在增加(從1992年的16.4%上升到2009年的69.9%)。[81] 在瑞典,2009年早期墮胎中有85.6%是藥物誘導,妊娠12週前墮胎中有73.2%是藥物誘導,2009年所有墮胎中有68.2%是藥物誘導。[82]在英國整體和瑞典,美服培酮獲准與陰道栓劑的吉美前列素或口服的米索前列醇一同使用。截至2000年,歐洲已有超過62萬名女性使用美服培酮方案進行藥物流產。[83]在丹麥,與2005年超過15,000例墮胎中,有3,000至4,000例使用美服培酮。[84]
法律地位
[编辑]美國
[编辑]美服培酮於2000年9月獲得FDA批准用於墮胎。[85]截至2007年,它在美國所有50個州、華盛頓哥倫比亞特區、關島和波多黎各均屬合法且可取得。[86]這是一種處方藥,但最初並未透過藥局向公眾提供,其分銷主要受限於具備特殊資格的執業醫師,由Danco Laboratories以品牌名稱Mifeprex銷售。截至2021年9月,在32個州,藥物只能由執業醫師提供,而在19個州,個體在使用藥物時,開立處方的醫師必須親自在場。[87]
歐盟
[编辑]在美國以外,美服培酮由Exelgyn Laboratories以品牌名稱Mifegyne行銷和分銷。
美服培酮200毫克錠劑(商品名稱Mifegyne、Mifepristone Linepharma、Medabon)已獲得歐洲經濟區歐洲藥品管理局的上市許可,適用於以下情況:[21][88][89]
- 妊娠最初63天(9週)內,在服用前列腺素類似物(米索前列醇或吉美前列素)後的早期妊娠初期藥物流產。
- 服用前列腺素類似物後的妊娠中期藥物流產。
- 在妊娠初期手術流產前,用於軟化和擴張子宮頸。
當前列腺素類似物和催產素禁忌時,用於子宮內胎兒死亡後引產。
爭議
[编辑]在美國,許多反墮胎團體曾積極發起運動,反對核准美服培酮,[90][91][92]並持續積極推動將核准撤回。[93]他們引述的理由包括墮胎的倫理問題,或對該藥物及其相關不良反應的安全疑慮。[94]
在美國以外,宗教和反墮胎團體也曾抗議美服培酮,尤其是在德國[95]和澳大利亞。[96][97]
於2023年,一宗在德克薩斯州的法院案件主張美服培酮不安全,女性不應再透過郵購方式取得。此案雖在德州勝訴,但隨後被提上訴。美國最高法院於2024年6月對該案作出一致裁決,維持美服培酮的供應,理由是最初提起訴訟者不具備提訴資格。[98]
研究
[编辑]研究小組最初的目標是發現與開發具有抗糖皮質激素特性的化合物。[99]
美服培酮已被描述為一種子宮頸軟化劑。[100]該藥物曾被研究作為抗雄性激素用於治療攝護腺癌。[101][102]美服培酮在臨床試驗中並未顯示出可檢測的抗愛滋病毒活性。[103][47][104][105]
美服培酮在治療精神病性抑鬱症 - 一種難以治療的抑鬱症形式 - 方面曾顯示出初步前景,[106][107]但在一項第三期臨床試驗時因缺乏療效而受到提前終止。[108]它也曾被研究用於雙相障礙、[109]創傷後壓力症[107]以及神經性厭食症。[110]
參考文獻
[编辑]- ^ Mifepristone Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. (原始内容存档于3 March 2023) 使用
|archiveurl=需要含有|url=(帮助). 已忽略未知参数|entry-url=(帮助);|entry=和|title=只需其一 (帮助); - ^ 2.0 2.1 Mifepristone. StatPearls [Internet]. [2025-07-20]. (原始内容存档于2025-06-20).
- ^ MS Health. Mifepristone Linepharma 200 mg tablet product information. Symonston, Australian Capital Territory, Australia: Therapeutic Goods Administration. 2015-05-12 [2016-04-04]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-09).
- ^ Mifegymiso Product information. Health Canada. 10 January 2017 [2024-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2023-04-24).
- ^ Mifiso Product information. Health Canada. 2022-12-16 [2024-09-05].
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Korlym- mifepristone tablet. DailyMed. 2022-12-20 [2023-03-19]. (原始内容存档于2022-10-06).
- ^ Mifepristone tablet. DailyMed. 2023-03-30 [2023-04-24]. (原始内容存档于2023-04-10).
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Mifepristone. American Society of Health System Pharmacists. [2023-02-25]. (原始内容存档于2015-12-22) –通过Drugs.com.
- ^ Chen MJ, Creinin MD. Mifepristone With Buccal Misoprostol for Medical Abortion: A Systematic Review. Obstetrics and Gynecology. July 2015, 126 (1): 12–21 [2019-07-27]. PMID 26241251. S2CID 20800109. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000000897. (原始内容存档于2020-07-26) –通过eScholarship.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Goldman MB, Troisi R, Rexrode KM (编). Women and Health 2nd. Oxford: Academic Press. 2012: 236 [2017-09-05]. ISBN 978-0-12-384979-3. (原始内容存档于2017-09-08) –通过Google Books. 温哥华格式错误 (帮助)
- ^ Wildschut H, Both MI, Medema S, Thomee E, Wildhagen MF, Kapp N. Medical methods for mid-trimester termination of pregnancy. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. January 2011, 2011 (1): CD005216. PMC 8557267
. PMID 21249669. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005216.pub2.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Tribble, Sarah. How an abortion pill turned out to be a treatment for a rare disease. Washington Post. 2018-04-08 [2025-01-11]. (原始内容存档于2025-07-22).
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Trussell J, Raymond E. Emergency Contraception: A Last Chance to Prevent Unintended Pregnancy (PDF). Princeton: Office of Population Research, Princeton University. March 2016 [2016-04-07]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2010-09-23).
- ^ Mifepristone Use During Pregnancy. Drugs.com. 2023-01-20 [2023-04-22]. (原始内容存档于2023-04-23).
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Ciato D, Mumbach AG, Paez-Pereda M, Stalla GK. Currently used and investigational drugs for Cushing´s disease. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. January 2017, 26 (1): 75–84. PMID 27894193. doi:10.1080/13543784.2017.1266338
.
- ^ Corey EJ, Czakó B, Kürti L. Mifepristone. Molecules and Medicine. John Wiley & Sons. 2012. ISBN 978-1-118-36173-3. (原始内容存档于2017-09-08) –通过Google Books.
- ^ Drug Approval Package: Mifeprex (Mifepristone) NDA #20687. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2001-06-18 [2023-04-24]. (原始内容存档于2023-04-21).
- ^ 18.0 18.1 World Health Organization. The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2023. hdl:10665/371090
. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
- ^ Mifepristone Product information. Health Canada. 2009-10-22 [2023-04-24]. (原始内容存档于2023-04-24).
- ^ Kingston A. How the arrival of the abortion pill reveals a double standard. Maclean's. 2017-02-05 [2017-02-21]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-21). 参数
|magazine=与模板{{cite news}}不匹配(建议改用{{cite magazine}}或|newspaper=) (帮助) - ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Mifegyne 200 Mg Tablets Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC). Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). 2022-11-21 [2023-04-22]. (原始内容存档于2023-04-23).
- ^ Information about Mifepristone for Medical Termination of Pregnancy Through Ten Weeks Gestation. Drugs. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2023-03-23 [2023-04-22]. (原始内容存档于2023-04-21).
- ^ The Care of Women Requesting Induced Abortion (PDF). Evidence-based Clinical Guideline No. 7 3rd. London: RCOG Press. November 2011: 68–75 [2023-04-25]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-05-26).
- ^ World Health Organization. Annex 5. Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems (PDF) 2nd. Geneva: WHO. 2012-06-21: 113–116 [2023-04-26]. ISBN 978-92-4-154843-4. hdl:10665/70914
. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-02-10) (英语).
- ^ Clinical practice handbook for safe abortion (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2014-01-10 [2023-04-26]. ISBN 978-92-4-154871-7. hdl:10665/97415
. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-04-08) (英语).
- ^ Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology and the Society of Family Planning. Medication Abortion Up to 70 Days of Gestation. Practice Bulletin 225. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. October 2020 [2023-04-25]. (原始内容存档于2023-04-25).
- ^ Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology. Practice Bulletin No. 135: Second-Trimester Abortion (PDF). Obstetrics & Gynecology. June 2013, 121 (6): 1394–1406 [2023-04-26]. PMID 23812485. S2CID 205384119. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000431056.79334.cc. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-04-06) –通过Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira.
- ^ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Grossman D, White K, Harris L, Reeves M, Blumenthal PD, Winikoff B, Grimes DA. Continuing pregnancy after mifepristone and "reversal" of first-trimester medical abortion: a systematic review
. Contraception (Review article). September 2015, 92 (3): 206–11 [2023-04-26]. PMID 26057457. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2015.06.001. (原始内容存档于2023-04-08). 温哥华格式错误 (帮助)
- ^ Early Pregnancy Loss. www.acog.org. [2024-03-28] (英语).
- ^ Trussell J, Cleland K. Dedicated emergency contraceptive pills worldwide (PDF). Princeton: Office of Population Research, Princeton University. 2013-02-13 [2016-04-04]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-04).
- ^ EC pill types and countries of availability, by brand. New York: International Consortium for Emergency Contraception. 2016 [4 April 2016]. 原始内容存档于2016-04-05.
- ^ Murji A, Whitaker L, Chow TL, Sobel ML. Selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) for uterine fibroids. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. April 2017, 2017 (4): CD010770. PMC 6478099
. PMID 28444736. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010770.pub2. 已忽略未知参数|collaboration=(帮助) - ^ Block TS, Kushner H, Kalin N, Nelson C, Belanoff J, Schatzberg A. Combined Analysis of Mifepristone for Psychotic Depression: Plasma Levels Associated With Clinical Response. Biological Psychiatry. July 2018, 84 (1): 46–54. PMID 29523415. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.01.008
.
- ^ Cleland K, Creinin MD, Nucatola D, Nshom M, Trussell J. Significant adverse events and outcomes after medical abortion. Obstetrics and Gynecology. January 2013, 121 (1): 166–71. PMC 3711556
. PMID 23262942. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182755763.
- ^ Friedlander EB, Soon R, Salcedo J, Davis J, Tschann M, Kaneshiro B. Prophylactic Pregabalin to Decrease Pain During Medication Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology. September 2018, 132 (3): 612–618. PMC 6105469
. PMID 30095762. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002787.
- ^ Mifeprex label (PDF). FDA. 2005-07-19 [2006-08-22]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-06-28).
- ^ Lawton BA, Rose SB, Shepherd J. Atypical presentation of serious pelvic inflammatory disease following mifepristone-induced medical abortion. Contraception. April 2006, 73 (4): 431–2. PMID 16531180. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2005.09.003.
- ^ Mifepristone U.S. Postmarketing Adverse Events Summary through 04/30/2011 (PDF). [2011-11-14]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-01-18).
- ^ Guideline IH. Guideline on the Need for Carcinogenicity Studies of Pharmaceuticals S1A. (PDF). International Conference on Harmonization. 1996. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-12-28).
- ^ Paul M, Lichtenberg S, Borgatta L, Grimes DA, Stubblefield PG, Creinin MD (编). Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy: Comprehensive Abortion Care. John Wiley & Sons. 2011-08-24. ISBN 978-1-4443-5847-6. (原始内容存档于2017-09-08).
- ^ CADTH Canadian Drug Expert Committee Final Recommendation Mifepristone and Misoprostol. CADTH Common Drug Reviews. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. 2017-04-18 [2019-04-19]. PMID 30512906. (原始内容存档于2021-08-28).
- ^ Bhatti KZ, Nguyen AT, Stuart GS. Medical abortion reversal: science and politics meet. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. March 2018, 218 (3): 315.e1–315.e6. PMID 29141197. S2CID 205373684. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.11.555.
- ^ As controversial 'abortion reversal' laws increase, researcher says new data shows protocol can work
. The Washington Post. [2018-04-23]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-04).
- ^ California Board of Nursing Sanctions Unproven Abortion 'Reversal' (Updated) - Rewire. Rewire. [2017-11-23]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-01).
- ^ Nuclear Receptors as Drug Targets: Design and Biological Evaluation of Small Molecule Modulators of Nuclear Receptor Action. 2006: 46–. ISBN 978-0-549-70288-7.
- ^ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Gallagher P, Young AH. Mifepristone (RU-486) treatment for depression and psychosis: a review of the therapeutic implications. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. March 2006, 2 (1): 33–42. PMC 2671735
. PMID 19412444.
- ^ 47.0 47.1 Chabbert-Buffet N, Meduri G, Bouchard P, Spitz IM. Selective progesterone receptor modulators and progesterone antagonists: mechanisms of action and clinical applications. Hum Reprod Update. 2005, 11 (3): 293–307. PMID 15790602. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmi002
.
- ^ Heikinheimo O. Clinical pharmacokinetics of mifepristone. Clin Pharmacokinet. July 1997, 33 (1): 7–17. PMID 9250420. S2CID 25101911. doi:10.2165/00003088-199733010-00002.
- ^ Heikinheimo O, Kekkonen R, Lähteenmäki P. The pharmacokinetics of mifepristone in humans reveal insights into differential mechanisms of antiprogestin action. Contraception. December 2003, 68 (6): 421–6. PMID 14698071. doi:10.1016/S0010-7824(03)00077-5.
- ^ Wang J, Chen J, Wan L, Shao J, Lu Y, Zhu Y, Ou M, Yu S, Chen H, Jia L. Synthesis, spectral characterization, and in vitro cellular activities of metapristone, a potential cancer metastatic chemopreventive agent derived from mifepristone (RU486). AAPS J. March 2014, 16 (2): 289–98. PMC 3933578
. PMID 24442753. doi:10.1208/s12248-013-9559-2.
- ^ Baulieu EE, Rosenblum M. The "abortion Pill": RU-486, a Woman's Choice. Simon & Schuster. 1991 [20 February 2022]. ISBN 978-0-671-73816-7. (原始内容存档于2022-06-29).
- ^ Schenker JG, Sciarra JJ, Mettler L, Genazzani AR, Birkhaeuser M. Reproductive Medicine for Clinical Practice: Medical and Surgical Aspects. Springer. 2018-09-29 [2022-03-04]. ISBN 978-3-319-78009-2. (原始内容存档于2022-06-29).
- ^ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 53.5 53.6 53.7 Baulieu ÉÉ, Rosenblum M. The "abortion pill": RU-486, a woman's choice. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1991. ISBN 978-0-671-73816-7.
Lader L. RU 486: the pill that could end the abortion wars and why American women don't have it. Reading: Addison-Wesley. 1991. ISBN 978-0-201-57069-4.
Villaran G. RU 486. Schlegelmilch, Bodo B (编). Marketing ethics: an international perspective. London: Thomson Learning. 1998: 155–190. ISBN 978-1-86152-191-0.
Ulmann A. The development of mifepristone: a pharmaceutical drama in three acts. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association. 2000, 55 (3 Suppl): 117–20. PMID 10846319. - ^ Teutsch G. RU 486 development. Science. November 1989, 246 (4933): 985. PMID 2587990. S2CID 41144964. doi:10.1126/science.2587990.
Cherfas J. Dispute surfaces over paternity of RU 486. Science. November 1989, 246 (4933): 994. Bibcode:1989Sci...246..994C. PMID 2587988. doi:10.1126/science.2587988.
Philibert D, Teutsch G. RU 486 development. Science. February 1990, 247 (4943): 622. Bibcode:1990Sci...247..622P. PMID 2300819. doi:10.1126/science.2300819.
Ulmann A, Teutsch G, Philibert D. RU 486. Scientific American. Vol. 262 no. 6. June 1990: 42–8. PMID 2343294. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0690-42.
Teutsch G, Deraedt R, Philibert D. Mifepristone. Lednicer D (编). Chronicles of drug discovery, Vol. 3. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. 1993: 1–43. ISBN 978-0-8412-2523-7.
Teutsch G, Philibert D. History and perspectives of antiprogestins from the chemist's point of view. Human Reproduction. June 1994, 9 (Suppl 1): 12–31. PMID 7962457. doi:10.1093/humrep/9.suppl_1.12.
Sittig M (编). Mifepristone. Pharmaceutical manufacturing encyclopedia 3rd. Norwich, NY: William Andrew Publishing. 2007: 2307–2310. ISBN 978-1-60119-339-1.
US 4386085,Teutsch JG, Costerousse G, Philibert D Deraedt R,「Novel steroids」,发行于1983-05-31,指定于Roussel Uclaf. - ^ Eder R. Birth control: 4-day pill is promising in early test. The New York Times. 1982-04-20: C1. (原始内容存档于2016-06-25).
Herrmann W, Wyss R, Riondel A, Philibert D, Teutsch G, Sakiz E, Baulieu EE. [The effects of an antiprogesterone steroid in women: interruption of the menstrual cycle and of early pregnancy]. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série III. May 1982, 294 (18): 933–8. PMID 6814714. - ^ Kolata G. France and China allow sale of a drug for early abortion
. The New York Times. 1988-09-24: A1. (原始内容存档于2017-09-01).
- ^ Greenhouse S. Drug maker stops all distribution of abortion pill. The New York Times. 1988-10-27: A1. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
- ^ Greenhouse S. France ordering company to sell its abortion drug. The New York Times. 29 October 1988: A1. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- ^ Smith W. Great Britain second country to allow use of RU-486. Plan Parent Eur. September 1991, 20 (2): 20. PMID 12284548.
- ^ RU 486 licensed in Sweden. IPPF Med Bull. December 1992, 26 (6): 6. PMID 12346922.
- ^ Peyser A. Nazi link may keep RU-486 out. New York Post. 1992-07-02: 5, 18.
- ^ 62.0 62.1 Newman B. Drug dilemma: among those wary of abortion pill is maker's parent firm; Germany's Hoechst is facing pressure from Clinton to sell RU-486 in U.S.. The Wall Street Journal. 1993-02-22: A1.
F.D.A. says company delays abortion pill. The New York Times. Associated Press. 1993-04-16: A14. (原始内容存档于3 August 2016).
Jouzaitis C. Abortion pill battle surprises French firm. Chicago Tribune. 1994-10-17: 1 (Business). (原始内容存档于2013-02-18). - ^ The History of Mifepristone. Reproductive Health Access Project. 2023-04-18 [2024-06-13]. (原始内容存档于2025-06-22).
- ^ Bernstein S. Persistence Brought Abortion Pill to U.S.. Los Angeles. 2000-11-05 [2024-06-13]. (原始内容存档于2025-04-16).
- ^ Seelye KQ. Accord opens way for abortion pill in U.S. in 2 years. The New York Times. 1994-05-17: A1. (原始内容存档于2016-08-03).
- ^ 66.0 66.1 Simonds W, Ellertson C, Springer K, Winikoff B. Abortion, revised: participants in the U.S. clinical trials evaluate mifepristone. Social Science & Medicine. May 1998, 46 (10): 1313–1323. PMID 9665563. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(97)10063-6.
- ^ Kolata G. U.S. approves abortion pill; drug offers more privacy and could reshape debate. The New York Times. 2000-09-29: A1. (原始内容存档于2017-08-04).
- ^ Moore SD, Kamm T, Fleming C. Hoechst to seek rest of Roussel-Uclaf; expected $3.04 billion offer would add to the wave of drug-sector linkups. The Wall Street Journal. 11 December 1996: A3.
Marshall M. Hoechst offers to pay $3.6 billion for rest of Roussel. The Wall Street Journal. 1996-12-11: A8.
Hoechst to buy rest of Roussel
. The New York Times. Bloomberg News. 1996-12-11: D4. (原始内容存档于2016-06-25).
- ^ Pill for abortion ends production
. The New York Times. Bloomberg News. 1997-04-09: D2. (原始内容存档于2016-06-25).
Jouzaitis C. Abortion pill maker bows to boycott heat; German firm gives up RU-486 patent; little impact likely in U.S.. Chicago Tribune. 9 April 1997: 4. (原始内容存档于2013-02-18).
Lavin D. Hoechst will stop making abortion pill. The Wall Street Journal. 1997-04-09: A3.
Roussel-Uclaf to transfer RU 486 rights. Reprod Freedom News. 18 April 1997, 6 (7): 8. PMID 12292550.
Dorozynski A. Boycott threat forces French company to abandon RU486. BMJ. 19 April 1997, 314 (7088): 1150. PMC 2126515
. PMID 9146386. doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7088.1145m.
- ^ ABORTION PILL'S U.S. SPONSOR SUING HUNGARIAN DRUG FIRM
. The Washington Post. 1997-06-12 [2024-06-13]. ISSN 0190-8286. (原始内容存档于2024-06-17) (美国英语).
- ^ List of mifepristone approval (PDF). New York: Gynuity Health Projects. 4 November 2009 [2018-05-04]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-26).
Map of mifepristone approval (PDF). New York: Gynuity Health Projects. 2009-11-04 [2010-06-11]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-26). - ^ North A. The first generic abortion pill just hit the US market. Here's what that means.. Vox. 2019-08-20 [2020-07-14]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-13).
- ^ Abortion Pill Maker Revealed. CBS. 2000-10-13 [2025-03-28]. (原始内容存档于2025-06-23).
- ^ RU-486 Manufacturers in China. (原始内容存档于2003-01-08).
- ^ World Health Organization. The selection and use of essential medicines : report of the WHO Expert Committee, 2005 : (including the 14th model list of essential medicines). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2005. ISBN 924120933X. hdl:10665/43292
.
- ^ Hussein J, McCaw-Binns A, Webber R (编). Maternal and perinatal health in developing countries. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CABI. 2012: 104. ISBN 978-1-84593-746-1. (原始内容存档于2017-09-08).
- ^ Winikoff B, Sheldon W. Use of medicines changing the face of abortion. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. September 2012, 38 (3): 164–6. PMID 23018138. doi:10.1363/3816412
.
- ^ Berg C, Cook DA, Gamble SB, Hall LR, Hamdan S, Parker WY, Pazol K, Zane SB. Abortion surveillance — United States, 2007 (PDF). MMWR Surveill Summ. 2011-02-25, 60 (1): 1–44. PMID 21346710. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-04-06). 已忽略未知参数
|collaboration=(帮助) - ^ Vilain A. Voluntary terminations of pregnancies in 2007 (PDF). DREES, Ministry of Health. December 2009 [2010-06-09]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-03-31).
- ^ Department of Health. Abortion statistics, England and Wales: 2009. Department of Health (United Kingdom). 2010-05-25 [2010-06-09]. (原始内容存档于2010-11-15).
- ^ ISD Scotland. Abortion Statistics, year ending December 2009. Information Services Division (ISD), NHS National Services Scotland. 2010-05-25 [2010-06-09]. (原始内容存档于2010-04-21).
- ^ National Board of Health and Welfare, Sweden. Induced Abortions 2010 (PDF). National Board of Health and Welfare, Sweden. 2010-05-12 [2010-06-09]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-27).
- ^ FDA Approves Mifepristone for the Termination of Early Pregnancy. FDA. 2000 [2009-04-27]. (原始内容存档于2006-09-10).
- ^ The abortion pill Mifegyne tested for adverse reactions. Danish Medicines Agency. 2005-07-27 [2006-09-20]. [失效連結]
- ^ FDA approval letter for Mifepristone. FDA. 2000-09-28 [16 September 2006]. (原始内容存档于2001-11-16).
- ^ FDA approval letter for Mifepristone. FDA. 2000-09-28 [2006-09-16]. (原始内容存档于2001-11-16).
- ^ Jones RK, Jerman J. Abortion Incidence and Service Availability In the United States 2014. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. March 2017, 49–1 (1): 17–27 [2017-10-16]. PMC 5487028
. PMID 28094905. doi:10.1363/psrh.12015. (原始内容存档于2017-10-17).
- ^ Linepharma. Mifepristone Linepharma Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) (PDF). London: Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). 2014-11-07 [2016-04-14]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-06-02).
- ^ Sun Pharmaceuticals. Medabon Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) (PDF). London: Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). 2015-03-04 [2016-04-04]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-06-03).
- ^ Cunningham PC, McCoy L, Ferguson CD. Citizen Petition to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Americans United for Life. 1995-02-28 [2006-09-20]. (原始内容存档于2006-10-03).
- ^ Talbot M. The Little White Bombshell
. The New York Times. 1999-07-11 [2006-09-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-28).
- ^ Abortion Foes to Boycott Drugs (Altace) Made By RU-486 Manufacturer. The Virginia Pilot. 1994-07-08 [2006-09-15]. (原始内容存档于2008-02-20). 参数
|newspaper=与模板{{cite web}}不匹配(建议改用{{cite news}}或|website=) (帮助) - ^ Guthrie S. Counteroffensive Launched on RU-486. Christianity Today. 2001-06-11 [2006-09-20]. (原始内容存档于2006-09-20). 参数
|newspaper=与模板{{cite web}}不匹配(建议改用{{cite news}}或|website=) (帮助) - ^ Kolata G. Death at 18 Spurs Debate Over a Pill For Abortion. The New York Times. 2003-09-24 [2006-09-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-28).
- ^ Allen JL. Abortion debates rock Germany: introduction of abortion pill exacerbates controversy. National Catholic Reporter. 1999-02-12 [2006-09-14]. (原始内容存档于2005-05-28). 参数
|newspaper=与模板{{cite web}}不匹配(建议改用{{cite news}}或|website=) (帮助) - ^ Catholic and Evangelical students join Muslims in RU-486 fight. Catholic News. 2006-02-09 [2006-09-18]. (原始内容存档于2006-10-27). 参数
|newspaper=与模板{{cite web}}不匹配(建议改用{{cite news}}或|website=) (帮助) - ^ Death Toll Rises to 11 Women. Australians Against RU-486. 2006 [2006-09-20]. (原始内容存档于使用
|archiveurl=需要含有|archivedate=(帮助)). 已忽略文本“archive-August 2006-08-20 ” (帮助) - ^ Supreme Court Rejects Abortion Pill Challenge, Preserving Wide Access to Drug by Laura Kusisto and Jess Bravin in the Wall Street Journal, 2024-06-13.
- ^ Hazra BG, Pore VS. Mifepristone (RU-486), the recently developed antiprogesterone drug and its analogues. J Indian Inst Sci. 2001, 81: 287–298 [2025-08-03]. (原始内容存档于2024-06-14).
- ^ Clark K, Ji H, Feltovich H, Janowski J, Carroll C, Chien EK. Mifepristone-induced cervical ripening: structural, biomechanical, and molecular events. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. May 2006, 194 (5): 1391–8. PMID 16647925. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.11.026.
- ^ Taplin ME, Manola J, Oh WK, Kantoff PW, Bubley GJ, Smith M, Barb D, Mantzoros C, Gelmann EP, Balk SP. A phase II study of mifepristone (RU-486) in castration-resistant prostate cancer, with a correlative assessment of androgen-related hormones. BJU Int. 2008, 101 (9): 1084–9. PMID 18399827. S2CID 205538600. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07509.x.
- ^ Mifepristone - Corcept Therapeutics - AdisInsight. [2017-12-27]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-27).
- ^ Schimmer BP, Parker KL. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adrenocortical Steroids and Their Synthetic Analogs; Inhibitors of the Synthesis and Actions of Adrenocortical Hormones. Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL (编). Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 11th. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2006: 1587–1612. ISBN 978-0-07-142280-2.
- ^ Flexner C. HIV drug development: the next 25 years. Nat Rev Drug Discov. December 2007, 6 (12): 959–66. PMID 17932493. S2CID 31261997. doi:10.1038/nrd2336.
- ^ Tang OS, Ho PC. Clinical applications of mifepristone. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2006, 22 (12): 655–9. PMID 17162706. S2CID 23295715. doi:10.1080/09513590601005946.
- ^ Belanoff JK, Flores BH, Kalezhan M, Sund B, Schatzberg AF. Rapid reversal of psychotic depression using mifepristone. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. October 2001, 21 (5): 516–21. PMID 11593077. S2CID 3067889. doi:10.1097/00004714-200110000-00009.
- ^ 107.0 107.1 Howland RH. Mifepristone as a therapeutic agent in psychiatry. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. June 2013, 51 (6): 11–4. PMID 23814820. doi:10.3928/02793695-20130513-01.
- ^ Gard D. Corcept tanks as depression drug comes up short in Phase III. Fierce Biotech. 2014-05-07. (原始内容存档于2016-03-02).
- ^ Soria V, González-Rodríguez A, Huerta-Ramos E, Usall J, Cobo J, Bioque M, Barbero JD, García-Rizo C, Tost M, Monreal JA, Labad J. Targeting hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones and sex steroids for improving cognition in major mood disorders and schizophrenia: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. July 2018, 93: 8–19. PMID 29680774. S2CID 5041081. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.04.012.
- ^ Bou Khalil R, Souaiby L, Farès N. The importance of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis as a therapeutic target in anorexia nervosa. Physiology & Behavior. March 2017, 171: 13–20. PMID 28043861. S2CID 6329552. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.12.035.
外部連結
[编辑]- Map and list of mifepristone approvals by year 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期29 May 2023.
Template:Other sex hormones and modulators of the genital system