苏联对基督徒的迫害
在整个苏联的历史中，东正教等基督教各宗派及其团体都受到压制和迫害，只是随着时期不同而程度有别。这种迫害有着马克思列宁主义和无神论的治国方针的内因，在这种理论的驱使下，苏联政府一直主张对宗教采取控制、打压甚至消灭的手段。[1]
共产党员出于消灭宗教的偏執[2][3]，苏联政府对教堂、清真寺和犹太教堂进行大量平毁。政府还通过各种手段嘲笑、骚扰和处决宗教领袖，在学校和媒体大量宣传无神论的声音，说无神论是社会唯一应当信奉的真理[4][5]。
James M. Nelson估计苏联的国家无神论政策下被消灭的基督徒大约在一千二百到二千万之间[6][7][8]。 但是，在相当多的人群当中仍在持续着宗教行为[4]，它们不仅存在于私人空间也存在于政府允许的有限公共空间里，这些公共空间是政府在意识到不可能根除宗教，强行蛮干只会惹来无穷的文化战争后给予的。[2][9]
參考文獻[编辑]
引用[编辑]
- ^ 存档副本. [2014-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2004-08-16）.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Daniel, Wallace L. "Father Aleksandr men and the struggle to recover Russia's heritage." Demokratizatsiya 17.1 (2009)
- ^ Froese, Paul. "'I am an atheist and a Muslim': Islam, communism, and ideological competition." Journal of Church and State 47.3 (2005)
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Paul Froese. Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 43, No. 1 (Mar., 2004), pp. 35-50
- ^ Haskins, Ekaterina V. "Russia's postcommunist past: the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the reimagining of national identity." History and Memory: Studies in Representation of the Past 21.1 (2009)
- ^ ”Estimates of the total number all Christian martyrs in the former Soviet Union are about 12 million.”, James M. Nelson, “Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality” （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Springer, 2009, ISBN 0-387-87572-7, p. 427
- ^ ”In all, it is estimated that some 15 to 20 million Christians were martyred under the Soviet regime”, David Barrett, “World Christian Trends”, Pasadena: William Carey Library, 2001, cited by David Taylor, ”21 Signs of His Coming: Major Biblical Prophecies Being Fulfilled In Our Generation” （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Taylor Publishing Group, 2009, ISBN 0-9762933-4-X, p. 220
- ^ ”over 20 million were martyred in Soviet prison camps”, Todd M. Johnson, “Christian Martyrdom: A global demographic assessment“ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, p. 4
- ^ John Shelton Curtis, The Russian Church and the Soviet State (Boston: Little Brown, 1953); Jane Ellis, The Russian Orthodox Church: A Contemporary History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986); Dimitry V. Pospielovsky, The Russian Church Under the Soviet Regime 1917-1982 (St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1984); idem., A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies (New York; St. Martin’s Press, 1987); Glennys Young, Power and the Sacred in Revolutionary Russia: Religious Activists in the Village (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997); Daniel Peris, Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998); William B. Husband, “Godless Communists”: Atheism and Society in Soviet Russia (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2000; Edward Roslof, Red Priests: Renovationism, Russian Orthodoxy, and Revolution, 1905-1946 (Bloomington, Indiana, 2002)
来源[编辑]
- And God Created Lenin: Marxism vs. Religion in Russia, 1917-1929. Author : Paul Gabel ISBN 1-59102-306-8 [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless Author : Daniel Peris Publisher: Cornell University Press ISBN 0-8014-3485-8 ISBN 978-0-8014-3485-3 [2] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- The Plot to Kill God: Findings from the Soviet Experiment in Secularization Author : Paul Froese Publisher: University of California Press ISBN 0-520-25529-1 ISBN 978-0-520-25529-6 [3] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Religion and the State in Russia and China: Suppression, Survival, and Revival Author : Christopher Marsh ISBN 1-4411-1247-2 ISBN 978-1-4411-1247-7
- Russian Society and the Orthodox Church: Religion in Russia after Communism Author : Zoe Knox Publisher: Routledge (August 13, 2009)ISBN 0-415-54616-8 ISBN 978-0-415-54616-4 [4] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- "Godless communists": atheism and society in Soviet Russia, 1917-1932 Author : William Husband Publisher: Northern Illinois University Press ISBN 0-87580-257-5 ISBN 978-0-87580-257-2 [5] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Secularism Soviet Style: Teaching Atheism and Religion in a Volga Republic Author : Sonja Luehrmann Publisher: Indiana University Press ISBN 0-253-35698-9 ISBN 978-0-253-35698-7
- Doubt, Atheism, and the Nineteenth-Century Russian Intelligentsia Author : Victoria Frede Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 0-299-28444-1 ISBN 978-0-299-28444-2 [6] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- After Atheism: Religion and Ethnicity in Russia and Central Asia (Caucasus World) Author : David C. Lewis Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 0-312-22692-6 ISBN 978-0-312-22692-3 [7] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Russian Orthodoxy on the Eve of Revolution Author : Vera Shevzov Oxford University Press, USA ISBN 0-19-533547-3 ISBN 978-0-19-533547-7 [8] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- The Heart of Russia: Trinity-Sergius, Monasticism, and Society after 1825 Author: Scott M. Kenworthy Oxford University Press, USA ISBN 978-0-19-973613-3
- State Secularism and Lived Religion in Soviet Russia and Ukraine Editor: Catherine Wanner Oxford University Press USA ISBN 978-0-19-993763-9
外部連結[编辑]
- Lenin's letter to Molotov on Shuia crisis （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Letters of Metropolitan Sergii of Vilnius （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Butovo site of mass executions of Orthodox Clergy - One thousand of those killed here are known to have died for their Orthodox faith. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Post Soviet challenges for the Russian Orthodox Church （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Library of Congress articles on the Soviet archives （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Link to Russian Archives
- Н.Е. Емельянов Оценка статистики гонений на Русскую Православную Церковь (1917–1952 годы) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）