被取代的科學理論

维基百科,自由的百科全书
地心說是著名的已被否定的宇宙體系

此條目列出曾獲得廣泛共識的理論及學說,但被現今科學認定為現實的不完全或錯誤的解讀。因此偽科學邊綠科學等未曾獲廣泛共識的理論不算在內。另外也不包括李森科主義等部分地方的被操縱或扭曲[1][2]的研究。

一個好的科學理論具可測試性及會作出能被否證的假說,[3]因此學說中若有較多被取代的理論,一定程度上顯示該學說的研究使用了良好的科學方法,反之亦然。另外,一些不充分或不準確的理論或模型有時仍會於現今使用。例如經典力學不足以描述原子大小、接近光速或極大質量的物體,但這套理論仍會被傳授和和一般情況中使用。又如地平說雖已被否證,但在小尺度的測量和地圖繪製中使用該模型也不會造成大誤差。

被取代的理論[编辑]

生物學[编辑]

化學[编辑]

物理[编辑]

天文學及宇宙學[编辑]

地理及氣象學[编辑]

地質學[编辑]

心理學[编辑]

醫學[编辑]

不完全的理論[编辑]

被否定的物質或能量[编辑]

參考[编辑]

  1. ^ Staff, WIRED. Is nanotech safe, or will gray goo do us all in?. Wired. 2004-06-01 [2019-10-02]. ISSN 1059-1028. (原始内容存档于2018-08-19). 
  2. ^ The Ghost of Lysenko. www.americanthinker.com. [2019-07-17]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-25). 
  3. ^ Popper, Karl (1963), Conjectures and Refutations, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, UK. Reprinted in Theodore Schick (ed., 2000), Readings in the Philosophy of Science, Mayfield Publishing Company, Mountain View, Calif.
  4. ^ Pasteur's "col de cygnet" (1859). www.immunology.org. British Society for Immunology. [2019-08-11]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-11). 
  5. ^ Vitalism and Synthesis of Urea (PDF). content.karger.com. [2016-09-03]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-06-14). 
  6. ^ Magner, Lois. A History of the Life Sciences. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc, 2002
  7. ^ Early Evolution and Development: Ernst Haeckel, Evolution 101, University of California Museum of Paleontology, [2013-02-20], (原始内容存档于2012-12-22) 
  8. ^ Burkhardt, RW. Closing the door on Lord Morton's mare: the rise and fall of telegony. Studies in History of Biology. 1979, 3: 1–21 [2019-10-02]. PMID 11610983. (原始内容存档于2019-10-03). 
  9. ^ Pearson, K. Statistics of telegony. Science. 1909-10-01, 30 (770): 443–444. doi:10.1126/science.30.770.443-a. 
  10. ^ William A. Haviland; Harald E. L. Prins; Dana Walrath; Bunny McBride. The Essence of Anthropology. Cengage Learning. 24 February 2009: 90 [14 June 2011]. ISBN 9780495599814. (原始内容存档于2017-12-08). 
  11. ^ 公元1889年10月11日 英国物理学家焦耳逝世. 歷史上的今天. [2010-09-06]. (原始内容存档于2011-01-09). 
  12. ^ in French页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) and Memoir on Combustion in General页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (English translation)
  13. ^ in French. [2019-10-03]. (原始内容存档于2013-06-17). 
  14. ^ Emsley, John. Nature's Building Blocks. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 0-19-850341-5. 
  15. ^ Plato, Timaeus 45.
  16. ^ Adamson, Peter. Philosophy in the Islamic World: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps. Oxford University Press. 7 July 2016: 77 [2019-10-05]. ISBN 978-0-19-957749-1. (原始内容存档于2018-12-24). 
  17. ^ Aristotle's physics. [6 April 2009]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-20). 
  18. ^ Fox, J. G., Evidence Against Emission Theories, American Journal of Physics, 1965, 33 (1): 1–17, Bibcode:1965AmJPh..33....1F, doi:10.1119/1.1971219. 
  19. ^ Brecher, K., Is the speed of light independent of the velocity of the source, Physical Review Letters, 1977, 39 (17): 1051–1054, Bibcode:1977PhRvL..39.1051B, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.1051. 
  20. ^ Steady State theory. BBC. [January 11, 2015]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-06). [T]he Steady State theorists' ideas are largely discredited today... 
  21. ^ Kragh, Helge. Cosmology and Controversy: The Historical Development of Two Theories of the Universe. Princeton University Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-691-02623-7. 
  22. ^ French, Bevan M. Traces of Catastrophe: A Handbook of Shock-Metamorphic Effects in Terrestrial Meteorite Impact Structures (PDF). LPI Contribution No. 954. Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute. 1998 [2011-09-02]. Bibcode:1998trca.book.....F. OCLC 40770730. ASIN B0006R1XF8. (原始内容存档于2017-07-15). 
  23. ^ Jeff Ogrisseg, Dogmas may blinker mainstream scientific thinking, The Japan Times, 2009 [2019-10-05], (原始内容存档于2012-05-24) 
  24. ^ Skinner, B. F. "Verbal Behavior", 1957. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts
  25. ^ Noam, Chomsky; Skinner, B. F. A Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior. Language. 1959, 35 (1): 26–58 [2019-10-05]. JSTOR 411334. doi:10.2307/411334. (原始内容存档于2011-05-14). 
  26. ^ Crain, Stephen and Diane C. Lillo-Martin. An Introduction to Linguistic Theory and Language Acquisition. Oxford: Blackwell. 1999. 
  27. ^ Hassani, Sadri. From Atoms to Galaxies: A Conceptual Physics Approach to Scientific Awareness illustrated. CRC Press. 2010: 387 [2019-10-03]. ISBN 978-1-4398-8284-9. (原始内容存档于2019-11-12).  Extract of page 387页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  28. ^ Casimir, H. B. G.; Brugt, Hendrik; Casimir, Gerhard. Haphazard Reality: Half a Century of Science. Amsterdam University Press. 2010: 32 [2019-10-03]. ISBN 978-90-8964-200-4. (原始内容存档于2019-11-30).  Extract of page 32页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  29. ^ Orme, Anthony R. The Rise and Fall of the Davisian Cycle of Erosion: Prelude, Fugue, Coda, and Sequel. Physical Geography. 2007, 28 (6): 474–506. doi:10.2747/0272-3646.28.6.474. 
  30. ^ Huggins, W.; Miller, W. A. On the Spectra of some of the Nebulae. 自然科学会报. 1864, 154: 437–444. Bibcode:1864RSPT..154..437H. JSTOR 108876. doi:10.1098/rstl.1864.0013. 
  31. ^ Bowen, I. S. The Origin of the Nebulium Spectrum. 自然 (期刊). 1927, 120 (3022): 473. Bibcode:1927Natur.120..473B. doi:10.1038/120473a0. 
  32. ^ 《中国大百科全书(天文学卷)》. 中国大百科全书出版社. 1980. 
  33. ^ 2004ESASP.575....2K Page 2. adsbit.harvard.edu. [2019-02-28]. 
  34. ^ 34.0 34.1 Dunn, Pete J. Andrewsite and laubmannite formally discredited (PDF). American Mineralogist. 1990-10-01, 75 (9-10): 1197–1199 [2019-10-06]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-07-23). 
  35. ^ Andrewsite: Andrewsite mineral information and data.. www.mindat.org. [2017-03-01]. (原始内容存档于2017-03-02). 
  36. ^ Lagemann, R.T. New light on old rays: N rays. American Journal of Physics. 1977, 45 (3): 281–284. Bibcode:1977AmJPh..45..281L. doi:10.1119/1.10643. 
  37. ^ Wood, R.W. The N-Rays. Nature. 29 September 1904, 70 (1822): 530–531 [2019-10-04]. Bibcode:1904Natur..70..530W. doi:10.1038/070530a0. (原始内容存档于2020-08-06). 
  38. ^ Franks, Felix. Polywater. The MIT Press. 1981: 140. ISBN 0-262-06073-6. 

相關條目[编辑]