西兰大陆

西蘭大陸（Zealandia，發音：/ziːˈlændiə/），亦稱Te Riu-a-Māui（毛利語）^[2]或塔斯曼提斯（Tasmantis，得名自塔斯曼海）^[3]，是大洋洲一塊幾乎完全被海水淹沒的大陆地壳，約於8,300萬至7,900萬年前從岡瓦那大陸分裂並脫離澳洲大陸，隨後逐漸沉入海底^[4]。其名稱與概念由地質學家布魯斯·魯岩迪克（Bruce Luyendyk）於1995年提出^[5]，衛星影像顯示其面積接近澳大利亞^[6]。2021年研究進一步揭示其地殼年齡逾10億年，較先前認知古老一倍^[7]。地質學界對其分類存在不同觀點，包括淹没的大陆、大陸碎片或微大陸等^[8]。

西蘭大陸總面積約4,900,000 km²（1,900,000 sq mi），94%區域淹沒於太平洋中，僅新西兰、新喀里多尼亞、諾福克島等島嶼露出水面^[9]。其地質特徵符合大陸定義的四項標準（地殼厚度、岩石多樣性、明確範圍及相對高海拔），故紐西蘭、澳洲等地質學家主張其應列為世界第八大洲^[10]，但國際間尚未就大陸劃分達成共識，故西蘭大陸的地位仍存學術爭議^[11]。2023年完成全面測繪後，其輪廓與地質構造更趨明確^[10]。

西蘭大陸的毛利語名稱「Te Riu-a-Māui」意為「毛伊之舟的船腹」，源自玻里尼西亞神話中毛伊釣起北島的傳說，2019年由地質與核子科學研究所（英语：GNS Science）與毛利學者共同確立為正式雙名^[2]^[12]。該大陸蘊藏豐富資源，包括茂伊油田（Maui gas field）及南極海域的鐵砂、多金屬結核等礦產^[13]，其生態獨特性亦促使紐西蘭推動「2050年無掠食者計劃」，保護鷸鴕等特有物種^[14]。

歷史

1億3000萬到8000萬年間，此大陸連同澳洲大陸一起與南極洲分離，8000萬到6500萬年間，此大陸與澳洲大陸分離。然而，與凱爾蓋朗海台類似，此大陸最後也因地層變動，沉入了水中。一段時間後，距今2300萬年前，兩座大火山島，自「沉沒的大陸」中浮出，即今日的紐西蘭南島與北島。

參見

參考資料

^ Figure 8.1: New Zealand in relation to the Indo-Australian and Pacific Plates. The State of New Zealand's Environment 1997. 1997 [20 April 2007]. （原始内容存档于18 January 2005）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 The origin and meaning of the name Te Riu-a-Māui/Zealandia. www.gns.cri.nz. GNS Science. 2 May 2019 [11 August 2020].
^ Flannery, Tim. The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People. Grove Press. 2002: 42 [26 December 2020]. ISBN 978-0-8021-3943-6 （英语）.
^ Gurnis, M.; Hall, C.E.; Lavier, L.L. Evolving force balance during incipient subduction: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 5, Q07001. 2004.
^ Luyendyk, Bruce P. Hypothesis for Cretaceous rifting of east Gondwana caused by subducted slab capture. Geology. April 1995, 23 (4): 373–376. Bibcode:1995Geo....23..373L. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0373:HFCROE>2.3.CO;2.
^ Gorvett, Zaria. The missing continent it took 375 years to find. BBC. 8 February 2021 [9 February 2021].
^ Turnbull, R.E.; Schwartz, J.J.; Fiorentini, M.L.; Jongens, R.; Evans, N.J.; Ludwig, T.; McDonald, B.J.; Klepeis, K.A. A hidden Rodinian lithospheric keel beneath Zealandia, Earth's newly recognized continent. Geology. 2021-08-01, 49 (8): 1009–1014. Bibcode:2021Geo....49.1009T. ISSN 0091-7613. doi:10.1130/G48711.1  （英语）.
^ 「消失的大陸」重見天日！地質學家發現136個台灣大的「紐西蘭大陸」. 風傳媒. 2017-02-19 [2025-07-23].
^ Wood, Ray; Stagpoole, Vaughan; Wright, Ian; Davy, Bryan; Barnes, Phil. New Zealand's Continental Shelf and UNCLOS Article 76 (PDF). Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences series 56. Wellington, New Zealand: National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. 2003: 16 [22 February 2007]. NIWA technical report 123. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于21 February 2007）. The continuous rifted basement structure, thickness of the crust, and lack of seafloor spreading anomalies are evidence of prolongation of the New Zealand land mass to Gilbert Seamount. 已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 Newcomb, Tim. Earth's Hidden Eighth Continent Is No Longer Lost. Science > Our Planet. Popular Mechanics. ISSN 0032-4558 （美国英语）.
^ 世界第八大洲：尋找那片藏在人類眼皮底下的新大陸. BBC News 中文. [2025-07-23].
^ Our continent has a new name. GNS Science. 2019-05-02 [2025-07-23].
^ New survey published on NZ mineral deposits. 30 May 2007 [18 April 2008]. （原始内容存档于16 October 2008）. 已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
^ 为拯救本地鸟类新西兰决定消灭老鼠. BBC中文. 2023-07-10 [2025-07-23].

40°S 170°E / 40°S 170°E / -40; 170

[map-1] Figure 8.1: New Zealand in relation to the Indo-Australian and Pacific Plates. The State of New Zealand's Environment 1997. 1997 [20 April 2007]. （原始内容存档于18 January 2005）.

[GNS-2] 2.0 ^2.1 The origin and meaning of the name Te Riu-a-Māui/Zealandia. www.gns.cri.nz. GNS Science. 2 May 2019 [11 August 2020].

[3] Flannery, Tim. The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People. Grove Press. 2002: 42 [26 December 2020]. ISBN 978-0-8021-3943-6 （英语）.

[Gurnis-4] Gurnis, M.; Hall, C.E.; Lavier, L.L. Evolving force balance during incipient subduction: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 5, Q07001. 2004.

[5] Luyendyk, Bruce P. Hypothesis for Cretaceous rifting of east Gondwana caused by subducted slab capture. Geology. April 1995, 23 (4): 373–376. Bibcode:1995Geo....23..373L. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0373:HFCROE>2.3.CO;2.

[BBC-Gorv-6] Gorvett, Zaria. The missing continent it took 375 years to find. BBC. 8 February 2021 [9 February 2021].

[7] Turnbull, R.E.; Schwartz, J.J.; Fiorentini, M.L.; Jongens, R.; Evans, N.J.; Ludwig, T.; McDonald, B.J.; Klepeis, K.A. A hidden Rodinian lithospheric keel beneath Zealandia, Earth's newly recognized continent. Geology. 2021-08-01, 49 (8): 1009–1014. Bibcode:2021Geo....49.1009T. ISSN 0091-7613. doi:10.1130/G48711.1  （英语）.

[storm-8] 「消失的大陸」重見天日！地質學家發現136個台灣大的「紐西蘭大陸」. 風傳媒. 2017-02-19 [2025-07-23].

[UNCLOS-9] Wood, Ray; Stagpoole, Vaughan; Wright, Ian; Davy, Bryan; Barnes, Phil. New Zealand's Continental Shelf and UNCLOS Article 76 (PDF). Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences series 56. Wellington, New Zealand: National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. 2003: 16 [22 February 2007]. NIWA technical report 123. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于21 February 2007）. The continuous rifted basement structure, thickness of the crust, and lack of seafloor spreading anomalies are evidence of prolongation of the New Zealand land mass to Gilbert Seamount. 已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)

[pm-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Newcomb, Tim. Earth's Hidden Eighth Continent Is No Longer Lost. Science > Our Planet. Popular Mechanics. ISSN 0032-4558 （美国英语）.

[bbc-11] 世界第八大洲：尋找那片藏在人類眼皮底下的新大陸. BBC News 中文. [2025-07-23].

[12] Our continent has a new name. GNS Science. 2019-05-02 [2025-07-23].

[13] New survey published on NZ mineral deposits. 30 May 2007 [18 April 2008]. （原始内容存档于16 October 2008）. 已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)

[14] 为拯救本地鸟类新西兰决定消灭老鼠. BBC中文. 2023-07-10 [2025-07-23].

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]