视紫质

视紫质
rhodopsin
视紫质; rhodopsin
	Sensory rhodopsin II (rainbow colored) embedded in a lipid bilayer (heads red and tails blue) with Transducin (Gt) below it. Gt? is colored red, Gt? blue, and Gt? yellow. There is a bound GDP molecule in the Gt?-subunit and a bound retinal (black) in the rhodopsin. The N-terminus of rhodopsin is red and the C-terminus blue. Presumed anchoring of transducin to the membrane has been drawn in black.
有效结构
PDB	直系同源检索：PDBe, RCSB
PDB查询代码列表
	1eds, 1edx, 1f88, 1gzm, 1hzx, 1jfp, 1l9h, 1ln6, 1u19, 2g87, 2hpy, 2i35, 2i36, 2i37
标识
代号	RHO; CSNBAD1; OPN2; RP4
扩展标识	遗传学：180380 鼠基因：97914 同源基因：68068 GeneCards: RHO Gene
基因本体论描述
分子功能	· G-protein coupled receptor activity; · protein binding; · photoreceptor activity; · metal ion binding;
细胞成分	· Golgi membrane; · photoreceptor outer segment; · photoreceptor inner segment; · Golgi apparatus; · plasma membrane; · integral component of plasma membrane; · cell-cell junction; · Golgi-associated vesicle membrane; · photoreceptor outer segment membrane; · ciliary membrane; · photoreceptor inner segment membrane; · photoreceptor disc membrane;
生物过程	· retinoid metabolic process; · protein phosphorylation; · organelle organization; · G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway; · visual perception; · phototransduction, visible light; · absorption of visible light; · rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway; · protein-chromophore linkage; · regulation of rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway; · retina development in camera-type eye;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA表达模式
	更多表达数据
直系同源体
物种	人类
Entrez	6010
Ensembl	ENSG00000163914
UniProt	P08100
mRNA序列	NM_000539
蛋白序列	NP_000530
基因位置	Chr 3:; 129.53 – 129.54 Mb
PubMed查询	[1]
	查; 论; 编;

视紫质^[1]（英語：rhodopsin）也称视紫红质、視紫蛋白^[2]、视紫素^[3]、视网膜紫质^[4]^[5]，是大多数脊椎动物视网膜视桿细胞中亮紫红色的光敏视色素，其由视蛋白和11-顺视黄醛辅基结合而成，最大光吸收在500nm附近，可将所吸收的光信号转化为跨膜电信号，其光电响应是视觉形成的最初阶段。

视紫质属于G蛋白偶联受体（GPCR）的一种。當视紫质暴露在光線下時，會立即光漂白。在人體中，它會在大約30分鐘內完全还原，之後，視杆就會變得更加敏感。視網膜色素變性和先天性靜止性夜盲症等眼疾都是由视紫质基因缺陷所引起的。

历史

它最早是由德国生理学家Franz Christian Boll在1876年发现的。术语 rhodopsin 源自古希腊语 ῥόδον（rhódon，rose）“玫瑰色”之义，与 ὄψις（ópsis，sight）“视觉、视力”之义。^[6] 它是由德國生理學家威廉·屈内（德語：Wilhelm Friedrich Kühne, 1837-1900年）於1878年創造的。^[7]^[8]

當喬治·沃爾德（George Wald）發現視紫質是一種全蛋白（holoprotein），由视黄醛和apoprotein組成時，他將其命名為視蛋白（opsin），而今天它被更狹義地描述為apo-rhodopsin。^[9]

视紫质基因突变会影响视力，比如夜盲症等。

微生物也有视紫质，但没有和G蛋白耦合，因此不属于G蛋白偶联受体。尽管如此，原核生物视紫质仍然被看作是和GPCR同属一超科。

結構

視紫質與其他視蛋白一樣，是一種G蛋白偶联受体 (GPCR)。^[10]^[11]视紫质平行于细胞膜上，其合成需要维生素A在体内转化成11-顺视黄醛。GPCR是嵌入細胞膜磷脂双分子层的化學感受器（英语：Chemoreceptor），具有7個跨膜結構域，形成配體的結合袋。^[12]^[13]在光照下，11-顺视黄醛异构为全反视黄醛，并由此激活视紫质，产生下游一系列反应。

参考文献

^ 视紫[红]质. 术语在线. 全国科学技术名词审定委员会. （简体中文）
^ 視紫質；視紫蛋白. 樂詞網. 國家教育研究院（中文（臺灣））.
^ 李熙謀; 鄧靜華, 易希陶. 中山自然科學大辭典, 第 7 卷. 臺灣商務印書館. 1972: 142.
^ 王会娟."电脑族"宜多吃紫色蔬菜[J].山西老年, 2012(10):1.DOI:CNKI:SUN:SXLN.0.2012-10-080.
^ 王会娟.保护眼睛的紫色蔬菜[J].晚霞：上半月, 2012(8):1.DOI:CNKI:SUN:WXIA.0.2012-15-038.
^ Rhodopsin: History and Etymology for rhodopsin. Merriam-Webster on-line dictionary.
^
See:
- Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: Rhodopsin: History and Etymology for rhodopsin
- Ewald A, Kühne W. Untersuchungen über den Sehpurpur [Investigations into rhodopsin]. Untersuchungen aus dem Physiologischen Institute der Universität Heidelberg. 1878, 1: 139–218 （German）. From p. 181: "Was den Sehpurpur im Dunkel ändert, pflegt es z. Th. [= zum Theil] in derselben Weise zu thun, wie das Licht, d.h. erst eine gelbe Materie, dann farblose Substanz hervorzubringen. Der Kürze wegen und um dem Auslande unsere Bezeichnungen zugänglich zu machen, kann man sagen, Rhodopsin werde erst in Xanthopsin, dieses in Leukopsin zersetzt." (That which alters visual purple in the dark usually acts to some extent in the same way as light, that is, first producing a yellow material, then a colorless substance. For the sake of brevity, and in order to make our designations more accessible to foreigners, we can say that rhodopsin is first degraded into xanthopsin [- visual yellow], and [then] this is degraded into leucopsin [- visual white].)
^ Wade NJ. Visual purple (sehpurpur). Perception. November 2008, 37 (11): 1617–1620. PMID 19189727. S2CID 19145558. doi:10.1068/p3711ed.
^ Wald G. The photochemical basis of rod vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America. December 1951, 41 (12): 949–956. Bibcode:1951JOSA...41..949W. PMID 14908734. doi:10.1364/josa.41.000949.
^ Casey PJ, Gilman AG. G protein involvement in receptor-effector coupling. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. February 1988, 263 (6): 2577–2580. PMID 2830256. S2CID 38970721. doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)69103-3 .
^ Attwood TK, Findlay JB. Fingerprinting G-protein-coupled receptors. Protein Engineering. February 1994, 7 (2): 195–203. PMID 8170923. doi:10.1093/protein/7.2.195.
^ Dixon RA, Kobilka BK, Strader DJ, Benovic JL, Dohlman HG, Frielle T, Bolanowski MA, Bennett CD, Rands E, Diehl RE, Mumford RA, Slater EE, Sigal IS, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ, Strader CD. Cloning of the gene and cDNA for mammalian beta-adrenergic receptor and homology with rhodopsin. Nature. May 1986, 321 (6065): 75–79. Bibcode:1986Natur.321...75D. PMID 3010132. S2CID 4324074. doi:10.1038/321075a0.
^ Dixon RA, Sigal IS, Rands E, Register RB, Candelore MR, Blake AD, Strader CD. Ligand binding to the beta-adrenergic receptor involves its rhodopsin-like core. Nature. March 1987, 326 (6108): 73–77. Bibcode:1987Natur.326...73D. PMID 2881211. S2CID 4352920. doi:10.1038/326073a0.

[1] 视紫[红]质. 术语在线. 全国科学技术名词审定委员会. （简体中文）

[2] 視紫質；視紫蛋白. 樂詞網. 國家教育研究院（中文（臺灣））.

[3] 李熙謀; 鄧靜華, 易希陶. 中山自然科學大辭典, 第 7 卷. 臺灣商務印書館. 1972: 142.

[4] 王会娟."电脑族"宜多吃紫色蔬菜[J].山西老年, 2012(10):1.DOI:CNKI:SUN:SXLN.0.2012-10-080.

[5] 王会娟.保护眼睛的紫色蔬菜[J].晚霞：上半月, 2012(8):1.DOI:CNKI:SUN:WXIA.0.2012-15-038.

[6] Rhodopsin: History and Etymology for rhodopsin. Merriam-Webster on-line dictionary.

[7] See:
Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: Rhodopsin: History and Etymology for rhodopsin

Ewald A, Kühne W. Untersuchungen über den Sehpurpur [Investigations into rhodopsin]. Untersuchungen aus dem Physiologischen Institute der Universität Heidelberg. 1878, 1: 139–218 （German）. From p. 181: "Was den Sehpurpur im Dunkel ändert, pflegt es z. Th. [= zum Theil] in derselben Weise zu thun, wie das Licht, d.h. erst eine gelbe Materie, dann farblose Substanz hervorzubringen. Der Kürze wegen und um dem Auslande unsere Bezeichnungen zugänglich zu machen, kann man sagen, Rhodopsin werde erst in Xanthopsin, dieses in Leukopsin zersetzt." (That which alters visual purple in the dark usually acts to some extent in the same way as light, that is, first producing a yellow material, then a colorless substance. For the sake of brevity, and in order to make our designations more accessible to foreigners, we can say that rhodopsin is first degraded into xanthopsin [- visual yellow], and [then] this is degraded into leucopsin [- visual white].)

[8] Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: Rhodopsin: History and Etymology for rhodopsin

[9] Ewald A, Kühne W. Untersuchungen über den Sehpurpur [Investigations into rhodopsin]. Untersuchungen aus dem Physiologischen Institute der Universität Heidelberg. 1878, 1: 139–218 （German）. From p. 181: "Was den Sehpurpur im Dunkel ändert, pflegt es z. Th. [= zum Theil] in derselben Weise zu thun, wie das Licht, d.h. erst eine gelbe Materie, dann farblose Substanz hervorzubringen. Der Kürze wegen und um dem Auslande unsere Bezeichnungen zugänglich zu machen, kann man sagen, Rhodopsin werde erst in Xanthopsin, dieses in Leukopsin zersetzt." (That which alters visual purple in the dark usually acts to some extent in the same way as light, that is, first producing a yellow material, then a colorless substance. For the sake of brevity, and in order to make our designations more accessible to foreigners, we can say that rhodopsin is first degraded into xanthopsin [- visual yellow], and [then] this is degraded into leucopsin [- visual white].)

[8] Wade NJ. Visual purple (sehpurpur). Perception. November 2008, 37 (11): 1617–1620. PMID 19189727. S2CID 19145558. doi:10.1068/p3711ed.

[9] Wald G. The photochemical basis of rod vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America. December 1951, 41 (12): 949–956. Bibcode:1951JOSA...41..949W. PMID 14908734. doi:10.1364/josa.41.000949.

[Casey1988-10] Casey PJ, Gilman AG. G protein involvement in receptor-effector coupling. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. February 1988, 263 (6): 2577–2580. PMID 2830256. S2CID 38970721. doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)69103-3 .

[Attwood1994-11] Attwood TK, Findlay JB. Fingerprinting G-protein-coupled receptors. Protein Engineering. February 1994, 7 (2): 195–203. PMID 8170923. doi:10.1093/protein/7.2.195.

[12] Dixon RA, Kobilka BK, Strader DJ, Benovic JL, Dohlman HG, Frielle T, Bolanowski MA, Bennett CD, Rands E, Diehl RE, Mumford RA, Slater EE, Sigal IS, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ, Strader CD. Cloning of the gene and cDNA for mammalian beta-adrenergic receptor and homology with rhodopsin. Nature. May 1986, 321 (6065): 75–79. Bibcode:1986Natur.321...75D. PMID 3010132. S2CID 4324074. doi:10.1038/321075a0.

[13] Dixon RA, Sigal IS, Rands E, Register RB, Candelore MR, Blake AD, Strader CD. Ligand binding to the beta-adrenergic receptor involves its rhodopsin-like core. Nature. March 1987, 326 (6108): 73–77. Bibcode:1987Natur.326...73D. PMID 2881211. S2CID 4352920. doi:10.1038/326073a0.

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