鋇星
鋇星(英語:Barium stars)是光譜類別G到K的恆星中,因為存在λ 455.4nm單電離鋇(Ba II),其光譜顯示S過程元素過多。鋇星也展現出增強的碳光譜特徵,即分子CH、CN和C2。此類別最初由威廉·P·比德爾曼和菲利普·基南辨識出和定義的[1]。在發現之後人們最初以為該類別僅限於紅巨星,但同樣的化學特徵在主序星中也被觀察到[2][3]。
物理性質
[编辑]對其徑向速度的觀測研究顯示,所有鋇星都是聯星[4][5][6][7][8]。利用國際紫外線探測衛星使用紫外線觀測,在某些鋇星系統中偵測到白矮星[9][10]。
鋇星被認為是在聯星系統中質量轉移的結果。這些質量轉移發生在現在位於主序上被觀測到的巨星。它的伴侶,供體星,是位於漸近巨星支(AGB)上的一顆碳星,並在其內部產生了碳和S-過程元素。這些核融合產物透過對流作用混合到其表面。部分物質「污染」了主序星的表層;供體恆星因為在AGB演化結束時失去質量,隨後演化成白矮星。這些系統是在質量轉移事件後不確定的時間點被觀測到的,而當時供體恆星早已是白矮星了[11][12]。根據聯星系統的初始性質,污染恆星可能出現在演化的不同階段[13]。
在演化過程中,鋇星有時會比光譜型G或K型的極限更大且更冷。當這種情況發生時,通常此類恆星屬於光譜型M,但其s過程過多可能導致其組成改變,做為另一種光譜特異現象。當恆星表面溫度處於M型區域時,恆星可能展現出s過程元素鋯]、氧化鋯(ZrO)帶的分子特徵。當這種情況發生時,恆星將以「外在」的狀態出現S星。
歷史上,鋇星一直是個謎,因為根據標準的恆星演化理論,G和K巨星的演化尚未成熟到合成碳和S過程元素並將其混合到表面。發現這些恆星的聯星特性解開了謎團,將其光譜特異的來源歸類於一顆理應產生此類物質的伴星。在天文時間尺度上,質量轉移事件被認為相當短暫。
著名的鋇星
[编辑]CH星為第二星族星,具有相似的演化狀態、光譜特性和軌道統計,被認為是類比於較老且金屬貧乏的鋇星[14]。
參考文獻
[编辑]- ^ Bidelman, W. P.; Keenan, P. C., The BA II Stars, Astrophysical Journal, 1951, 114: 473, Bibcode:1951ApJ...114..473B, doi:10.1086/145488
- ^ Porto de Mello, G. F.; da Silva, L. HR 6094: A Young Solar-Type, Solar-Metallicity Barium Dwarf Star. The Astrophysical Journal. 1997-02-20, 476 (2): L89–L92. Bibcode:1997ApJ...476L..89P. ISSN 0004-637X. doi:10.1086/310504
.
- ^ North, Pierre; Jorissen, Alain; Mayor, Michel. Binarity among Barium Dwarfs and CH Subgiants: Will They Become Barium Giants?. Symposium - International Astronomical Union. 2000, 177: 269–275. ISSN 0074-1809. doi:10.1017/s0074180900002497
.
- ^ McClure, R. D.; Fletcher, J. M.; Nemec, J. M., The binary nature of the barium stars, Astrophysical Journal Letters, 1980, 238: L35, Bibcode:1980ApJ...238L..35M, doi:10.1086/183252
- ^ McClure, R. D.; Woodsworth, A. W., The binary nature of the barium and CH stars. III – Orbital parameters, Astrophysical Journal, 1990, 352: 709, Bibcode:1990ApJ...352..709M, doi:10.1086/168573
- ^ Jorissen, A.; Mayor, M., Radial velocity monitoring of a sample of barium and S stars using CORAVEL – Towards an evolutionary link between barium and S stars?, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1988, 198: 187, Bibcode:1988A&A...198..187J
- ^ Jorissen, A.; Boffin, H.M.J.; Karinkuzhi, D.; Van Eck, S.; Escorza, A.; Shetye, S.; Van Winckel, H. Barium and related stars and their white-dwarf companions. I. Giant stars. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2019-05-30, 626: A127. Bibcode:2019A&A...626A.127J. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 102351666. arXiv:1904.03975
. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834630.
- ^ Escorza, A.; Karinkuzhi, D.; Jorissen, A.; Siess, L.; Van Winckel, H.; Pourbaix, D.; Johnston, C.; Miszalski, B.; Oomen, G-M. Barium and related stars, and their white-dwarf companions. II. Main-sequence and subgiant stars. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2019-04-22, 626: A128. Bibcode:2019A&A...626A.128E. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 102352414. arXiv:1904.04095
. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935390.
- ^ Dominy, J. F.; Lambert, D. L. Do all barium stars have a white dwarf companion?. The Astrophysical Journal. July 1983, 270: 180. Bibcode:1983ApJ...270..180D. ISSN 0004-637X. doi:10.1086/161109.
- ^ Gray, R. O.; McGahee, C. E.; Griffin, R. E. M.; Corbally, C. J. First Direct Evidence That Barium Dwarfs Have White Dwarf Companions. The Astronomical Journal. 2011-04-04, 141 (5): 160. Bibcode:2011AJ....141..160G. ISSN 0004-6256. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/5/160
.
- ^ McClure, R. D., The carbon and related stars, Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 1985, 79: 277, Bibcode:1985JRASC..79..277M
- ^ Boffin, H. M. J.; Jorissen, A., Can a barium star be produced by wind accretion in a detached binary?, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1988, 205: 155, Bibcode:1988A&A...205..155B
- ^ Escorza, A.; Boffin, H. M. J.; Jorissen, A.; Van Eck, S.; Siess, L.; Van Winckel, H.; Karinkuzhi, D.; Shetye, S.; Pourbaix, D. Hertzsprung-Russell diagram and mass distribution of barium stars. Astronomy & Astrophysics. December 2017, 608: A100. Bibcode:2017A&A...608A.100E. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 119428276. arXiv:1710.02029
. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731832.
- ^ McClure, R. D., The barium stars, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1984, 96: 117, Bibcode:1984PASP...96..117M, doi:10.1086/131310