针尾下目

針尾下目; 化石时期：Late Jurassic至现今 PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	常见黄胡蜂（Vespula vulgaris）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲：	昆虫纲 Insecta
目：	膜翅目 Hymenoptera
（未分级）：	單距類 Unicalcarida
亚目：	细腰亚目 Apocrita
下目：	針尾下目 Aculeata; (but see text)
总科
	蜜蜂总科 Apoidea; 青蜂总科 Chrysidoidea; 蟻總科 Formicoidea; 蛛蜂总科 Pompiloidea; 土蜂总科 Scolioidea; 钩土蜂总科 Tiphioidea; 刺臀土蜂总科 Thynnoidea; 胡蜂总科 Vespoidea;

针尾下目（学名：Aculeata）是膜翅目的一个下目，具有70,000多个描述的物种，包含日常所见的真社會性昆虫之蚂蚁、蜜蜂和胡蜂等；以及靠寄生的寄生蜂，如青蜂总科物種（但并非真正的寄生蜂下目物種）。^[1] 该下目的名子来源于其之下物種的特徵，將产卵管进化为了螫针。但该下目中的许多成员无法进螫刺動作，因为要么保留了产卵管，要么完全失去了产卵管。

该下目存在較爲出名的真社会性昆虫物種，包括蚂蚁、蜜蜂及胡蜂等。

已知最古老的针尾下目物種来自哈萨克斯坦晚侏罗世卡拉巴斯塔套组（英语：Karabastau Formation），以Bethylonymidae科为代表，该科可能是并系群或多系群。^[2]

分类

针尾下目是一个歷史悠久的下目。是一个单系群，或良好的自然类群，包含一个共同祖先的所有后代。因此，该下目被保留为一个分类单元，要么属于亚目或下目，要么作为未分级的演化支。^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

膜翅目系統发生树

膜翅目

广腰亚目 Symphyta

拟寄生物

尾蜂总科 Orussoidea

细腰亚目

冠蜂总科 Stephanoidea

姬蜂总科 Ichneumonoidea

细蜂下目 Proctotrupomorpha

针尾下目

青蜂总科 Chrysidoidea

Euaculeata

胡蜂总科 Vespoidea
（黄蜂、纸蜂、马蜂等）

蛛蜂总科 Pompiloidea

	刺臀土蜂总科 Thynnoidea

	钩土蜂总科 Tiphioidea

土蜂总科 Scolioidea

	蜜蜂总科 Apoidea （釀蜜蜂和泥蜂）

	蚁总科 Formicoidea

Aculeata

Apocrita

parasitoid

Hymenoptera

参考文獻

^ Michael G. Branstetter; Bryan N. Danforth; James P. Pitts; Brant C. Faircloth; Philip S. Ward; Matthew L. Buffington; Michael W. Gates; Robert R. Kula; Seán G. Brady. Phylogenomic Insights into the Evolution of Stinging Wasps and the Origins of Ants and Bees. ScienceDirect. 2017-4-3 [2017-4-3]. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.027 （英语）. The stinging wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) are an extremely diverse lineage of hymenopteran insects, encompassing over 70,000 described species and a diversity of life history traits, including ectoparasitism, cleptoparasitism, predation, pollen feeding (bees [Anthophila] and Masarinae), and eusociality (social vespid wasps, ants, and some bees)
^ Grimaldi, David A.; Peñalver, Enrique; Barrón, Eduardo; Herhold, Hollister W.; Engel, Michael S. Direct evidence for eudicot pollen-feeding in a Cretaceous stinging wasp (Angiospermae; Hymenoptera, Aculeata) preserved in Burmese amber. Communications Biology. 2019-11-07, 2 (1): 408. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 6838090 . PMID 31728419. doi:10.1038/s42003-019-0652-7  （英语）.
^ Johnson, Brian R.; Borowiec, Marek L.; Chiu, Joanna C.; Lee, Ernest K.; Atallah, Joel; Ward, Philip S. Phylogenomics resolves evolutionary relationships among ants, bees, and wasps. Current Biology. 2013, 23 (20): 1–5. PMID 24094856. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.050 .
^ Branstetter, Michael G.; Danforth, Bryan N.; Pitts, James P.; Faircloth, Brant C.; Ward, Philip S.; Buffington, Matthew L.; Gates, Michael W.; Kula, Robert R.; Brady, Seán G. Phylogenomic Insights into the Evolution of Stinging Wasps and the Origins of Ants and Bees. Current Biology. 2017, 27 (7): 1019–1025. PMID 28376325. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.027 .
^ Schulmeister, S. Simultaneous analysis of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta), introducing robust-choice sensitivity analysis. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2003, 79 (2): 245–275. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00233.x .
^ Schulmeister, S. Symphyta. [28 November 2016]. （原始内容存档于21 June 2010）.
^ Peters, Ralph S.; Krogmann, Lars; Mayer, Christoph; Donath, Alexander; Gunkel, Simon; Meusemann, Karen; Kozlov, Alexey; Podsiadlowski, Lars; Petersen, Malte. Evolutionary History of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology. 2017, 27 (7): 1013–1018. PMID 28343967. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.027 . hdl:2434/801122 .

外部链接

生命之树网络项目：Aculeata
[1] Bugguide.net: Aculeata
Johnson, B. 等人。系统基因组学解析了蚂蚁、蜜蜂和黄蜂之间的进化关系。NCBI

[1] Michael G. Branstetter; Bryan N. Danforth; James P. Pitts; Brant C. Faircloth; Philip S. Ward; Matthew L. Buffington; Michael W. Gates; Robert R. Kula; Seán G. Brady. Phylogenomic Insights into the Evolution of Stinging Wasps and the Origins of Ants and Bees. ScienceDirect. 2017-4-3 [2017-4-3]. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.027 （英语）. The stinging wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) are an extremely diverse lineage of hymenopteran insects, encompassing over 70,000 described species and a diversity of life history traits, including ectoparasitism, cleptoparasitism, predation, pollen feeding (bees [Anthophila] and Masarinae), and eusociality (social vespid wasps, ants, and some bees)

[2] Grimaldi, David A.; Peñalver, Enrique; Barrón, Eduardo; Herhold, Hollister W.; Engel, Michael S. Direct evidence for eudicot pollen-feeding in a Cretaceous stinging wasp (Angiospermae; Hymenoptera, Aculeata) preserved in Burmese amber. Communications Biology. 2019-11-07, 2 (1): 408. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 6838090 . PMID 31728419. doi:10.1038/s42003-019-0652-7  （英语）.

[phylo-3] Johnson, Brian R.; Borowiec, Marek L.; Chiu, Joanna C.; Lee, Ernest K.; Atallah, Joel; Ward, Philip S. Phylogenomics resolves evolutionary relationships among ants, bees, and wasps. Current Biology. 2013, 23 (20): 1–5. PMID 24094856. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.050 .

[BranstetterDanforth2017-4] Branstetter, Michael G.; Danforth, Bryan N.; Pitts, James P.; Faircloth, Brant C.; Ward, Philip S.; Buffington, Matthew L.; Gates, Michael W.; Kula, Robert R.; Brady, Seán G. Phylogenomic Insights into the Evolution of Stinging Wasps and the Origins of Ants and Bees. Current Biology. 2017, 27 (7): 1019–1025. PMID 28376325. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.027 .

[5] Schulmeister, S. Simultaneous analysis of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta), introducing robust-choice sensitivity analysis. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2003, 79 (2): 245–275. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00233.x .

[6] Schulmeister, S. Symphyta. [28 November 2016]. （原始内容存档于21 June 2010）.

[Peters-7] Peters, Ralph S.; Krogmann, Lars; Mayer, Christoph; Donath, Alexander; Gunkel, Simon; Meusemann, Karen; Kozlov, Alexey; Podsiadlowski, Lars; Petersen, Malte. Evolutionary History of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology. 2017, 27 (7): 1013–1018. PMID 28343967. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.027 . hdl:2434/801122 .

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