黃斑變性
| 黃斑變性(Macular degeneration) | |
|---|---|
| 异名 | 老年性黃斑部病變(Age-related macular degeneration) |
| 呈現中度老年性黃斑部病變的眼底攝影照片。在明亮的視神經盤右側、即影像中央偏暗的黃斑部區域,周圍圍繞有大量散佈的黃白色斑點(玻璃膜疣)。 | |
| 症状 | 視力模糊或中央視野喪失[1] |
| 併發症 | 幻視,包括邦納症候群[1][2] |
| 起病年龄 | 成年晚期 [1] |
| 类型 | 早期、中期、晚期[1] |
| 病因 | 視網膜的黃斑受損[1] |
| 风险因素 | 遺傳基因, 吸菸[1] |
| 診斷方法 | 視力測試[1] |
| 預防 | 運動、健康飲食及戒菸[1] |
| 治療 | 注射於眼內的抗血管內皮生長因子治療藥物、雷射凝固術或光動力療法[1] |
| 患病率 | 於2020年的全球罹患率為8.7%。[3] |
| 分类和外部资源 | |
| 醫學專科 | 眼科學, 視光學 |
| Orphanet | 279 |
黃斑變性(英語:macular degeneration),又稱老年性黃斑部病變(age-related macular degeneration,簡稱AMD,或是ARMD),是一種逐漸損害黃斑的眼科疾病。黃斑是視網膜中心的一個小區域,負責清晰、細緻的中心視力。此病主要影響年長者,可能導致閱讀、駕駛、辨識面孔或看清細節等日常活動變得困難。"濕性"老年性黃斑部病變是指異常血管在黃斑下方生長並滲漏液體或是血液,進而損害視網膜並導致中心視力快速喪失。"乾性"老年性黃斑部病變則是黃斑逐漸變薄,且有稱為玻璃膜疣的小型沉積物堆積,導致中心視力緩慢喪失。
黃斑變性通常發生於年長者,因黃斑的受損所引起。而遺傳因素和吸菸可能扮演一定角色。此疾病可透過完整的眼部檢查來診斷。嚴重程度分為早期、中期與晚期三種。[1]晚期類型另外再分為"乾性"和"濕性"兩種,其中乾性佔病例的90%。[1][4]
乾溼兩種形式之間的差異是以黃斑的變化來分類。乾性患者的黃斑內存有玻璃膜疣(細胞碎片),會逐漸損害感光細胞並導致視力喪失。[5]在濕性病變中,由於有血管生長於黃斑下方,導致血液和液體滲漏至視網膜中。[6]
運動、健康飲食與不吸菸可降低黃斑變性的風險。[1]目前尚無可將已喪失視力恢復的根治方法,或是治療方式。[1]對於濕性患者,採抗血管內皮生長因子治療(在眼內眼內注射單株抗體),或是較少見的雷射凝固術,或者是光動力療法,可能有助於減緩病情惡化。[1]飲食中的抗氧化維生素、礦物質和類胡蘿蔔素似乎不會影響發病率。[7]攝取膳食補充劑可能會減緩已患病者的疾病進展。[7]
全球截至2022年已有超過2億人受到黃斑變性的影響,隨著人口中老年人比例的增加,預計到2040年患病率將增加至3億人。[3][8]此疾病在歐洲或北美後裔中較為常見,且在男性和女性中的發生率大致相同。[3][9]於2013年,它是繼白內障、早產和青光眼之後,第四常見的失明原因。[10]它最常發生於50歲以上的人群,在美國,它是該年齡層最常見的失明原因。[1][4]50至60歲的人群中約有0.4%患有此病,而60至70歲為0.7%,70至80歲為2.3%,80歲以上人群的罹患率則接近12%。[4]
症狀與徵象
[编辑]早期或中期黃斑變性可能無症狀,或可能表現為單眼或雙眼視力模糊或是下降。最初可能表現為閱讀或是駕駛出現困難(特別是在照明不良的區域)。[3]此變性的其他症狀包括視力扭曲和盲點(特別是在中心視野及其周圍)。[3]
黃斑變性的其他症狀與徵象包含有:
- 以視物變形形式呈現的視力扭曲,其中直線網格看起來呈波浪狀,網格的部分區域可能顯得空白:患者通常在看家中的百葉窗或駕駛時看電線桿時會最先注意到這一點。[12]
- 中心出現暗點、陰影,或是視野缺失。[2]
- 暴露於強光後視功能恢復緩慢(光應力測試)。[13]
- 視力大幅下降(兩個等級或是更多),例如:由20/20下降至20/80(代表原本能看清正常距離(20呎)外細節的眼睛,退化到需要靠近至20呎才能看清正常人遠在80呎外就能看清的東西 )。[14]
- 視力模糊:非滲出性(乾性)患者可能無症狀或注意到中心視力逐漸喪失,而滲出性(濕性)患者通常注意到視力快速喪失(通常由異常血管的滲漏和出血引起)。[15]
- 難以分辨顏色,特別是暗色之間,以及淺色之間。[16]
- 對比敏感度下降。[17]
- 具體成型的幻視與閃光感,亦常伴隨濕性病變所引發的嚴重視力喪失出現。[18]
黃斑部病變本身並不會導致完全失明,事實上僅有少數視力受損者會達到全盲狀態。在幾乎所有病例中,患者都能保留部分視力(主要是周邊視力)。除非合併其他急性疾病或併發症(如嚴重中風、眼部外傷或是未經治療的青光眼等),否則極少有患者會因單純的黃斑部病變而經歷完全的視力喪失。 [19]
黃斑區域僅占視網膜的約2.1%,其餘97.9%(周邊視野)不受此疾病影響。雖然黃斑部僅涵蓋中央數度的狹小視野(約5°至10°視角),大腦視覺皮層卻有將近一半的區域專門用於處理來自黃斑部的視覺資訊。[20]
此外,乾性患者早期通常無明顯症狀,但隨後可能經歷單眼或雙眼中心視力逐漸模糊。[21][22]相較之下,濕性黃斑部病變患者的視覺症狀則多呈急性發作。[18][21]
風險因子
[编辑]老年黃斑部病變的發病機制相當複雜,與基因及環境間的相互作用密切相關。[23]主要危險因子包含有年齡、種族與族裔、吸菸以及家族病史。[24]其中高齡是最主要的關鍵因素,尤以50歲以上族群的風險最高。[25]
種族與族裔
[编辑]
如本節圖表所示(數據來自美國國家眼科研究所),在80歲以上的人群中,白人罹患老年性黃斑部病變的機率是黑人或西班牙裔的6倍以上。因此白人種族背景是該病的主要危險因子之一。[26]
在高加索人種(即白人)的皮膚基因中,存在一組特殊的基因多態性(包含單核苷酸變異),這些基因負責編碼黑色素合成早期階段所需的酶與轉錄因子,其中包括第一步將胺基酸酪胺酸轉化為L-多巴的過程,研究人員Markiewicz與Idowu發表的綜述對此進行詳細討論。[27]此外,如研究人員Sturm等人發表的的綜述所言,"提高細胞內酪胺酸或 L-多巴的濃度均可促進黑色素生成"。[28]由此可見,L-多巴產量減少與膚色偏白密切相關。本節圖表與相關研究均顯示,導致膚色較白的L-多巴合成減少,似乎與80歲以上白人罹患黃斑部病變的風險增加有關。[29]
環境與生活方式
[编辑]- 吸菸:吸菸會使患黃斑變性的風險增加至從來不吸菸者的兩到三倍,且可能是預防該病最重要的可改變因素。對過往研究的審視,發現"當前吸菸與黃斑病變之間存在強烈的相關性。…吸菸很可能對視網膜產生毒性作用。"[30]
- 高血壓:在2013年進行的ALIENOR研究(由法國波爾多大學與法國國家衛生暨醫學研究所(INSERM)的研究團隊主導發起 )中,早期和晚期黃斑變性變與收縮壓或舒張壓、高血壓或使用降血壓藥物無顯著相關,但脈壓上升(收縮壓減去舒張壓)與晚期黃斑變性風險增加顯著相關。[31]
- 動脈粥樣硬化。[32]
- 高膽固醇:膽固醇升高可能會增加患黃斑變性的風險。[33][34]
- 肥胖症:腹部肥胖是一危險因子,特別是對男性而言。[35]
- 脂肪攝取:大量攝取某些脂肪(包括飽和脂肪、反式脂肪和 ω-6脂肪酸)可能會導致黃斑變性,而單元不飽和脂肪可能具保護作用。[36]特別是ω-3脂肪酸可能會降低患老年性黃斑部病變的風險。[37]
- 陽光中的紫外線雖可能提高老年性黃斑部病變的罹病風險,但臨床證據遠不及其他危險因子明確。 [22][38]
- 目前尚無確切實證顯示使用數位螢幕會增加黃斑部病變的風險 。[38][39]
遺傳學
[编辑]老年性黃斑部病變具有極高的遺傳傾向。[40]患者手足的發病風險比一般人高出三到六倍。研究人員透過遺傳連鎖分析,已在第1、6及10號染色體上發現5組基因變異,這些變異足以解釋至少50%的發病風險。[41]這些基因主要負責調節免疫反應、發炎機制與視網膜的體內恆定。當基因發生變異時,便會引發相應的功能障礙,使細胞內外的代謝廢物隨時間不斷累積,最終導致視網膜纖維化結疤或血管系統崩壞。[42]
已知與此病相關的基因變異包含補體系統、載脂蛋白E、成纖維細胞生長因子2、DNA切除修復蛋白質與年齡相關性黃斑變性易感蛋白2。[43]
基因檢測能辨識出老年性黃斑部病變的易感基因變異,但由於其發病機制過於複雜,這類檢測目前仍難以普及於日常臨床應用。[44]不過基因檢測在臨床試驗中仍有助於篩選受試者並評估其治療反應。[45]已證實相關基因變異的三個基因座|標示如下:
- 位於1號染色體1q31.3的補體因子H(CFH)[46]
- 位於10號染色體10q26的HTRA絲氨酸肽酶1/年齡相關性黃斑變性易感蛋白2(HTRA1/ARMS2)[47]
- 位於6號染色體6p21.3 的補體因子B/補體成分2(CFB/C2)[48]
特定基因
[编辑]- 在補體系統方面,補體因子 H(CFH)、因子B(CFB)及成分3(C3)等蛋白質基因的多態性,均與老年性黃斑部病變的發病風險密切相關。[49]其中,CFH主要負責抑制眼部的發炎反應,但其基因上的Y402H突變會降低該蛋白質定位於視網膜組織的能力,導致補體系統過度活化而造成損傷。[50]相對地,若缺乏補體因子H相關基因CFHR3與CFHR1,反而能降低罹病風險。[51]此外,於2007年發表的兩項獨立研究報告指出,補體途徑核心蛋白補體成分3(C3)的常態變異Arg80Gly也會顯增加發病率,進一步證實補體途徑在發病機制中的關鍵角色。[52][53]此兩篇論文的作者皆認為其研究結果凸顯補體途徑在該疾病發病機制中具關鍵影響力。
- 於2006年發表的的研究報告確定編碼分泌型絲氨酸蛋白酶的HTRA1基因對該病具有顯著影響。[54][55]
- C1抑制劑 的六種變異亦獲證實與此病相關,該基因突變亦是引發遺傳性血管水腫的主因。[56]
- 而在罕見的體染色體顯性老年性黃斑部病變中,則主要由Fibulin-5基因缺陷所致。研究人員Stone等人在2004年針對402名患者進行篩檢,確立該基因突變與發病率之間的統計學顯著關聯。[57]
- 粒線體相關基因多態性(例如MT-ND2分子中的多態性)可預測濕性老年性黃斑部病變。[58][59]
病理生理學
[编辑]
老年性黃斑部病變的發病機制尚未完全明確,雖然已有一些理論提出,包括氧化反應、粒腺體功能障礙和發炎過程。[60]
當細胞損壞成分的產生速度超過其降解能力時,失衡的代謝過程會導致有害物質不斷累積,例如細胞內的脂褐素以及細胞外的玻璃膜疣。在老年性黃斑部病變早期,視網膜色素上皮層會先出現變薄或色素脫失的區域,標誌初期萎縮形成,隨後則可能演變為地圖狀萎縮。到病變晚期,視網膜色素上皮地圖狀萎縮或異常血管新生,將導致感光細胞死亡,進而造成中心視力喪失。[61]
在乾性型態中,玻璃膜疣會堆積於視網膜與脈絡膜之間,進而造成視網膜萎縮並形成瘢痕;而在病情較嚴重的濕性型態中,異常血管會從視網膜後方的脈絡膜向上生長(即血管新生),這些新生的血管容易滲漏液體或滲出物,並引發眼底出血。[62]
早期研究即指出,玻璃膜疣中含有大量的補體系統相關蛋白。[63]補體因子H(CFH)是發炎級聯反應的重要抑制因子,其基因多態性已被證實與老年性黃斑部病變顯著相關。[64][65][66][67][68]學者據此提出病理模型,認為黃斑部的慢性低度補體活化與發炎反應是導致老年性黃斑部病變的主因;[69]後續研究也在補體級聯反應的其他元件(包含補體成分3,即C3)中發現與該病相關的基因多態性,進一步證實此模型的可靠性。[70]
10號染色體10q26區段上的LOC 387715,被證實為老年性黃斑部病變的重要預測因子。該位點的插入/缺失多態性會破壞多腺苷酸化信號,造成信使核糖核酸結構不穩定,進而降低ARMS2基因的表現量。[71]ARMS2蛋白質可能位於粒線體並參與能量代謝,但其具體生理功能仍有待進一步釐清。[72]
此外,金屬蛋白酶組織抑制劑 3(TIMP3)等基因標記亦與疾病進展風險相關,顯示細胞外基質代謝在老年性黃斑部病變惡化過程中扮演重要角色。[73]膽固醇代謝相關基因(如肝酶、膽固醇酯轉移蛋白、脂蛋白脂酶以及ATP結合盒轉運體 A1)的基因變異也與本病進展有關。由於病變早期出現的玻璃膜疣含有豐富膽固醇,這也為全基因組關聯分析(GWAS,一種大型統計方法,透過掃描大量患者與健康者的基因組,尋找與疾病相關的變異)的研究發現提供客觀的生物學依據。[74]
病程階段
[编辑]老年性黃斑部病變的特徵之一是名為玻璃膜疣(脂質與細胞外蛋白質的堆積物)的黃色沉積物會逐漸累積於黃斑(視網膜中央區域)、視網膜色素上皮與下層脈絡膜之間。這種堆積過程普遍被認為會隨時間損害視網膜功能。[75]值得注意的是阿茲海默症患者腦部堆積的β澱粉樣蛋白亦是玻璃膜疣的成分之一,這也是老年性黃斑部病變偶被稱作"眼睛的阿茲海默症"或"視網膜的阿茲海默症"的主因。[76]臨床上,可依據玻璃膜疣的範圍(大小與數量),將病變分為早期、中期與晚期三個階段。[77]
老年性黃斑部病變的早期病理改變,始於黃斑部的視網膜色素上皮與下層脈絡膜之間出現微小的黃色沉積物(即玻璃膜疣)。大多數僅出現此類早期病變的患者仍能維持良好視力。事實上,60歲以上的大多數人群皆出現有玻璃膜疣,且通常不致引起不良影響,亦非必然發展為老年性黃斑部病變。然而,當玻璃膜疣體積較大、數量眾多,並伴隨黃斑部下方色素上皮細胞層病變(色素紊亂)時,惡化為具體症狀的風險將顯著提升。其中,體積較大且質地軟和的玻璃膜疣,普遍被認為與膽固醇沉積增加密切相關。[78][79]
早期老年性黃斑部病變
[编辑]早期老年性黃斑部病變根據存在中等大小玻璃膜疣作為診斷,這種玻璃膜疣大約是一般人類頭髮的寬度。通常無症狀。[1]
中期老年性黃斑部病變
[编辑]中期老年性黃斑部病變透過巨大玻璃膜疣和/或任何視網膜色素異常作為診斷。中期老年性黃斑部病變可能會導致某程度的視力喪失,但它與早期老年性黃斑部病變一樣,通常無症狀。[1][80]
近期的研究確定中期老年性黃斑部病變的高風險亞型,這類亞型惡化為晚期老年性黃斑部病變的機率極高。該亞型依臨床定義不同,被稱為早期地圖狀萎縮或不完全視網膜色素上皮及外層視網膜萎縮(iRORA)。[81]辨識出這些高風險亞型,除有助於向患者說明病情預後外,亦可在臨床試驗中作為評估療效的終點指標。[82]
晚期老年性黃斑部病變
[编辑]進入晚期老年性黃斑部病變階段,視網膜受損程度加劇,患者除出現玻璃膜疣外,亦會開始產生具體症狀(如中心視力喪失)。此階段的損傷可表現為視網膜萎縮或異常血管新生。晚期老年性黃斑部病變依據病變性質,可進一步分為地圖狀萎縮(乾性晚期)與濕性老年性黃斑部病變(又稱為血管新生型老年性黃斑部病變)兩種亞型。[83]
乾性老年性黃斑部病變
[编辑]乾性老年性黃斑部病變(又稱非滲出型老年性黃斑部病變)為一廣義總稱,泛指所有非血管新生型(即非濕性)的老年性黃斑部病變。此範疇不僅包含早期與中期病變,亦涵蓋稱為地圖狀萎縮的晚期乾性病變。[84]患者在早期通常症狀輕微或無自覺症狀;但若惡化至地圖狀萎縮,則常伴隨顯著的視力受損。[85]乾性病變約佔所有老年性黃斑部病變病例的80%–90%,其病程多屬緩慢進展,惟其中約10%–20%的患者最終會轉變為濕性病變。[86]
地圖狀萎縮
[编辑]地圖狀萎縮(又稱萎縮型老年性黃斑部病變)為老年性黃斑部病變的晚期型態,因視網膜細胞發生漸進且不可逆的喪失,進而導致視力嚴重退化。視網膜由多層結構所組成,而在地圖狀萎縮的病理過程中,主要受累損害的三個層次分別為:脈絡膜微血管層、視網膜色素上皮,以及其上方的感光細胞層。[87]
在地圖狀萎縮中發生病變的三個層次彼此緊密相鄰。位於最淺層的是感光細胞,負責將外界的光訊號轉化為傳送至大腦的神經電訊號。其下方的視網膜色素上皮(RPE)則具備多種生理功能,其中關鍵的一項是降低氧化壓力:RPE能吸收多餘光線,避免其穿透至深層結構。由於RPE下方的組織血管分佈極為豐富且氧分壓極高,若光線直接照射該區域,便容易產生大量的自由基並對周邊組織造成損害。至於發生萎縮的最深層結構,則稱為脈絡膜微血管層,是由微血管構成的網絡,主要負責為視網膜色素上皮提供營養。[88]
地圖狀萎縮的病理生理學機制目前尚未完全釐清。部分研究質疑此病變是否源於視網膜色素上皮(RPE)功能缺陷所引發的氧化壓力增加,[89]亦有研究探討發炎反應所造成的組織損傷。[90]近年來的研究轉向分別剖析視網膜的各個層次,發現脈絡膜微血管層血流減少的現象,早於RPE及上方感光細胞的萎縮。[91]由於脈絡膜微血管層屬於血管組織,此發現"地圖狀萎縮可能是由局部血流量不足(缺血)所誘發"的假說提供重要的病理依據。[92]
濕性老年性黃斑部病變
[编辑]濕性老年性黃斑部病變(又稱血管新生型或滲出型老年性黃斑部病變)為晚期AMD的型態,其主要病因是脈絡膜微血管層的異常血管(脈絡膜血管新生)穿透布魯赫氏膜並向上生長,而導致視力受損。此病型多數由乾性AMD發展而來,但亦有少數例外。視網膜中異常血管增生主要受血管內皮生長因子(VEGF)所驅動。由於這些新生血管結構脆弱,極易導致血液與蛋白質滲漏至黃斑部下方。若未及時治療,血管出血、滲漏及後續產生的瘢痕組織,將對感光細胞造成不可逆的永久傷害,並引發視力急劇惡化。[93]
診斷
[编辑]



對AMD的診斷取決於黃斑部的徵象,不一定取決於視力。[94]早期診斷可防止視力進一步惡化,並可能改善視力。[94]
乾性(或早期)AMD的診斷包括以下臨床檢查以及處置和測試:
- 乾性AMD惡化轉變為濕性的病程可能相當迅速,若未適時接受治療,患者可能在短短六個月內達到法定盲(legal blindness)標準。為防患於未然,並在病程早期即啟動預防策略,臨床上可透過暗適應測試(dark adaptation testing)進行評估。利用暗適應儀(dark adaptometer),甚至可在出現顯著臨床症狀的至少三年前,即偵測出亞臨床階段的AMD(subclinical AMD)。[95]
- 患者的對比敏感度(contrast sensitivity)會逐漸下降,導致物體輪廓、陰影層次與色彩覺知變得不如以往鮮明。臨床上或居家環境中,皆可透過Pelli-Robson圖表等對比敏感度測驗,快速評估患者對比度的喪失程度。[96]
- 患者在檢視阿姆斯勒方格表時,原本直挺的線條可能呈現波浪狀彎曲(視物變形),部分區域亦可能出現視覺空白或暗點(暗點)。[97]
- 患者在檢測史內倫視力表時,視力會出現至少兩行的顯著下降。[98]
- 約85%–90%的乾性AMD患者,可透過眼底攝影觀察到視網膜上的玻璃膜疣病灶。引用错误:没有找到与
<ref>对应的</ref>标签 - 臨床上可透過孟塞爾100色階測驗與最大色彩對比敏銳度測驗(Maximum Color Contrast Sensitivity test, MCCS),分別評估患者的色彩辨識敏銳度與色彩對比敏感度。[99]
- 如今多數眼科醫師皆採用光學相干斷層掃描 (OCT)進行疾病診斷,並以此評估患者對抗血管新生藥物治療的療效反應與後續追蹤。[100]
針對濕性(或晚期)AMD的診斷,除採上述測試外,還可能包括以下項目:
- 優先超銳度視野計(PHP): 適用於評估濕性老年性黃斑部病變。此項測驗專門用於偵測視力的劇烈波動。測試時會以扭曲的點陣圖案刺激黃斑部,並由患者指出該扭曲圖案出現在視野中的具體位置。[101]
- 血管攝影檢查: 在濕性黃斑部病變中,螢光眼底血管攝影等血管攝影技術可讓黃斑部後方的滲漏血流清晰顯影,有助於精確診斷與定位異常的新生血管網。[102]
組織學
[编辑]- 視網膜色素改變: 除虹膜(眼睛有色部位)含有色素細胞外,視網膜下方亦分佈有色素細胞(視網膜色素上皮細胞)。當這些細胞退化變性並釋放色素時,經由眼底檢查可觀察到局部色素沉著的深色區塊,隨後則可能出現色素脫失(色素減少)的區域。[103]
- 滲出性病變: 主要包含眼內出血、硬性滲出物,以及視網膜下、視網膜色素上皮下或視網膜內的積液。[104]
- 玻璃膜疣: 指沉積於視網膜上的微小細胞外代謝廢棄物。雖然臨床上傾向將漸進性視力衰退歸咎於玻璃膜疣的形成,但視網膜即使有玻璃膜疣沉積,亦不必然會導致視力喪失。部分存有大量玻璃膜疣的患者仍能維持正常視力。當視網膜在高度沉積玻璃膜疣的情況下,若仍能進行正常的感光與影像傳輸,即表明除玻璃膜疣之外,必然存在其他病理因素共同導致視力喪失。[105]
管理
[编辑]針對老年黃斑部病變 (AMD) 治療,其方式取決於診斷後的疾病分類。整體而言,治療目的在於延緩病情惡化。[106]截至2018年,臨床上仍無方法能逆轉AMD造成的損傷。[106]截至2024年,已有兩種藥物可用於溶解乾性AMD的玻璃膜疣(詳見下文)。對於早期及中期AMD,主要的照護方式為調整已知危險因子,例如戒菸、控制高血壓與動脈粥狀硬化,並進行飲食調整。[3][106]針對中期AMD,治療方式亦包含補充抗氧化劑與礦物質。[106][107]針對晚期AMD的治療,將根據是否伴隨脈絡膜新生血管 (CNV) 而定,分為乾性AMD(無CNV)與濕性AMD(存在CNV)。[106]目前對乾性AMD尚無有效的治療途徑。[106]濕性AMD所伴隨的CNV,則可透過血管內皮生長因子抑制劑 (VEGF inhibitors) 進行處置。[106][108][107]患者可每天使用阿姆斯勒方格表或類似的居家視力監測工具,以察覺視物變形等代表病情惡化的徵兆。[3]
膳食補充劑
[编辑]醫師可能會建議罹患AMD的個體服用膳食補充劑,利用抗氧化劑來減少視網膜細胞受損。常見的有由老年眼疾研究(AREDS)結果而產生的建議配方 。稱為AREDS-1的組合所包含的特定維生素與礦物質成分為:維生素C (500mg)、鋅 (80mg)、維生素E (400IU)、銅 (2mg) 以及β-胡蘿蔔素 (15mg)。至於AREDS-2配方,考量到吸菸者補充β-胡蘿蔔素可能增加罹患肺癌的風險,因此改以葉黃素 (10 mg) 與玉米黃素 (2mg) 取代。[3]部分證據顯示雙眼患有早期或中期AMD的患者,或是單眼為中期AMD且另一眼已達晚期的患者,補充維生素與礦物質可能獲得益處。[3]AREDS補充劑有助於改善病情並延緩其惡化為更嚴重的AMD,[7]且有證據表明患者在服用5年後視力有所提升。[3]然而目前尚無證據顯示微量營養素補充劑能阻止重度患者的病情惡化,或預防健康人群發病。[3][7]
評估AREDS-1與AREDS-2兩配方間的療效,以及葉黃素和玉米黃素作為替代成分之效果的證據均相當有限。[7]
乾性AMD
[编辑]Pegcetacoplan (商品名稱Syfovre)[109][110]與Avacincaptad pegol (商品名稱Izervay) [111][112]已在美國獲准用於臨床治療。2023年有研究指出,累積的老化色素"脂褐質"可透過黑色素與藥物作用的新機制被分解 。脂褐質在乾性AMD及斯特格病變的病程發展中扮演關鍵角色。目前,針對此一機制的臨床開發計畫正在籌備中,其目標為清除布魯赫氏膜並減少玻璃膜疣的形成。 [113]
濕性AMD
[编辑]蘭尼單抗 、阿柏西普 、布西珠單抗 與法瑞西單抗皆為獲准用於治療濕性AMD中CNV的 VEGF抑制劑。[108][114]這四種藥物均透過玻璃體內注射 (intravitreal injection) 給藥,即直接將藥物注射至眼球內。貝伐珠單抗 也是一種VEGF抑制劑,已被證實具備與上述藥物相近的療效與安全性,過去臨床上長期以仿單標示外使用方式給藥,目前已有專用的眼科劑型獲准用於治療濕性AMD。[115]此外,AMD亦可透過雷射凝固療法進行處置。[116]
美國眼科學會的臨床指南不建議將雷射凝固療法用於黃斑部病變,但也指出若脈絡膜新生血管位於中心凹 (fovea) 外圍且對藥物治療無反應,這種療法仍可能有所幫助。[117][118]強力的臨床證據顯示雷射凝固能使玻璃膜疣消失,但無法抑制脈絡膜新生血管。[119]一項發表於2007年的考科藍合作組織系統檢討提出雷射光凝固術治療中心凹外圍的脈絡膜新生血管既有效又具成本效益,但對於中心凹旁或中心凹下方的血管,其效益則相當有限。[120]
光動力療法 也被用於治療濕性AMD。[121]藥物verteporfin透過靜脈注射給藥。然後將特定波長的光照射到異常血管上,將verteporfin活化,而破壞血管。
白內障手術可改善AMD患者的視力結果,有人擔心手術會增加AMD的進展。一項隨機對照試驗發現接受立即白內障手術(兩週內)的人比接受延遲白內障手術(6個月)的人具有更好的視力和更好的生活品質結果。[122]
放射治療 (Radiotherapy) 已被提議作為濕性AMD的一種治療方法。然而,目前支持使用現代立體定位放射治療聯合抗VEGF的證據尚不確定,雖然研究顯示其有助於減少抗VEGF的注射次數,但其長期療效與安全性仍有待進一步研究評估。[123]
適應性輔具
[编辑]
由於患者的周邊視力未受影響,黃斑部病變患者可以學習利用其殘存在周邊的視力來進行部分補償。許多國家以及美國的每個州皆提供相關的協助與資源。[124]此外,開辦有"獨立生活"訓練課程,部分技術輔具亦可透過州立復健部門取得。[125]
適應性輔具能有效協助患者閱讀,這類工具包括放大鏡、特殊眼鏡鏡片、電腦螢幕閱讀器、電子眼鏡,以及可放大閱讀材料的電視系統。[126]
電腦螢幕閱讀器(例如JAWS或Thunder)可用於標準Windows電腦。同時,蘋果公司裝置也內建豐富的無障礙功能(如VoiceOver旁白、螢幕閱讀器及點字輸出支援等)。[127]
透過攝像鏡頭,畫面可傳輸至標準或專用電腦螢幕上,並進行放大與細節調焦;這類桌上型擴視系統通常配有可移動的托盤,方便擺放與移動書寫或閱讀材料。[128]
在出版品方面,無障礙出版物亦提供多樣選擇,包含大字體紙本書籍、易於追蹤視線的排版設計、有聲書,以及兼具文字同步與語音播放功能的數位無障礙資訊系統(DAIS)Y數位圖書。[129]
流行病學
[编辑]
不論何種型態的老年性黃斑部病變 (AMD),歐洲人的盛行率皆高於亞洲人與非洲人,而亞洲人與非洲人之間的盛行率則無顯著差異。[131]AMD及其相關特徵的發病率會隨年齡增長而升高,在55歲以下的人群中相對較低。[132]在所有可改變的危險因子中,吸菸是影響最大的一項。[133]截至2008年,AMD占美國白人人口所有視力喪失原因的54%以上。[134]估計美國約有800萬人患有早期AMD,其中超過100萬人會在未來5年內惡化為晚期AMD。英國的AMD佔65–74歲失明人口原因的近42%。在75–84歲族群中升至近三分之二。而在85歲或以上的族群中,於失明原因中的佔比為四分之三。[134]
研究
[编辑]與其他老年性疾病的關聯
[编辑]研究顯示與AMD相關的玻璃膜疣在分子組成上類似於β-類澱粉蛋白斑塊,以及阿茲海默症、動脈粥狀硬化等其他老化疾病中的沉積物。表明類似的致病途徑可能共同參與AMD與其他老化疾病的病理機制。[135]
基因檢測
[编辑]基因檢測有助於評估AMD患者是否有較高的發病風險,並能為預測疾病進展提供相關資訊。[136]此外,基因檢測亦可協助研究人員評估患者對特定治療(例如抗VEGF藥物或補體抑制劑)產生反應的機率高低。[136][137]然而在臨床實務中運用包含基因變異的預測工具仍面臨挑戰。除目前對不同基因變異與環境因子如何相互作用以影響AMD風險的了解依然有限之外,人群中常見的單核苷酸多態性 (SNP) 對個別AMD患者的實際影響力相當微弱。[136]因此,醫界對深入了解罕見基因突變的功能性後果展現出越來越濃厚的興趣,因為這類突變通常具有顯著的多種影響。[136]目前臨床處置上,仍不建議將基因檢測作為標準的指導依據。[136]
基因組編輯
[编辑]將CRISPR-Cas9基因組進行編輯,可用於治療由VEGFA所引起的濕性老年性黃斑部病變。研究人員發表一種新方法 - 透過將基因改造的慢病毒屬注射至受影響的解剖區域進行短暫編輯,能在不引發非預期的脫靶效應(off-target editing)或抗Cas9免疫反應的情況下,將脈絡膜新生血管的面積減少達63%。[138][139]
藥理學
[编辑]研究人員透過使用代謝型麩胺酸受體6 (mGlu6) 的分子光控開關,成功恢復視網膜光感受器退化小鼠模型(如繼發於乾性老年性黃斑部病變的地圖狀萎縮以及視網膜色素變性)中由視覺引導的行為。[140]這類光致藥理學化合物可透過玻璃體內注射或局部給藥的方式施用,且同樣能恢復斑馬魚魚苗的掃視反應。由於其作用機制並不依賴導致光感受器退化的特定基因突變(即不針對特定基因,而是針對共通的神經迴路),因此具備廣泛應用的潛力。 [141]
參見
[编辑]引用
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