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4.2千年事件

维基百科，自由的百科全书
44.2千年事件的全球分佈圖。陰影區域受潮濕或洪水影響，點狀區域受乾旱或沙塵暴影響。[1]

4.2千年事件（英語：4.2-kiloyear event，也稱為4.2 ka事件）是全新世一次非常严重的乾旱化事件（長期乾旱），發生在4200年前（距今4200年前）。它是全新世時期最嚴重的氣候事件之一。[2] 它標誌著全新世時期梅加拉亚期的開始。

该事件开始公元前2200年，持续了整个公元前22世纪。 这一事件很可能导致了埃及的古王国，美索不达米亚的阿卡德帝国，以及长江下游良渚文化的衰落。[3][4] 干旱也引发了印度河流域文明向東南方向的下游迁移[5]，以及印度-雅利安人迁徙[6]。一些科學家不同意這一結論，他們引用證據表明，該事件並非全球性乾旱，而且發生的時間也不明確。[7]

证据

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北非[8]，中东[9]，红海[10]，阿拉伯半岛[11]，印度次大陆[5]以及中美洲[12]等地区都留下了4.2千年前的强烈干旱的痕迹。加拿大西部的山岳冰川在此时也向外扩展了[13]。证据也存在于意大利山洞的流石[14]以及安第斯山脈的冰川[15]。

美索不达米亚的干旱与北大西洋的变冷事件“Bond event 3”对应[2][16][17]。

后果

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古埃及

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古王国的下尼罗河洪水周期的异常，可能导致了中央政府的突然崩溃[18]。饥荒、社会混乱、分裂持续了数十年，直到古埃及文明被第十一王朝的曼图霍特普二世重新统一，各地逐渐恢复了司法、灌溉与社会秩序。

美索不达米亚

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美索不达米亚的严重干旱导致了水系水量减少了一半[19]。底格里斯河与幼发拉底河的水来自于高海拔地区的地中海方向来的降水。

阿卡德帝国，在公元前24世纪衍生于两河流域的世界上第二个统一帝国，被广泛的、持续了数个世纪的干旱带入了低潮[20]。考古证据记录了北美索不达米亚广泛的农业平原被抛荒以及公元前2170年涌入南美索不达米亚的难民潮[21]。一道180公里长的墙，在中美索不达米亚建起以阻止游牧部族亞摩利人入侵南部。公元前2150年，定居在札格羅斯山脈的库提人击败了士气沮丧的阿卡德军队，占据了阿卡德并在公元前2115年摧毁了它。在公元前第3个千年结束之际近东出现了广泛的农业衰退[22]。

公元前1900年，北部平原出现了小型的定居点，在文明崩溃3个世纪以后[21]。

阿拉伯半岛

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波斯湾地区出现了定居风格的突然改变，陶器与坟墓的风格都变了。公元前22世纪，干旱导致了烏姆納爾时期（英语：Umm Al Nar culture）的结束，转变为瓦迪蘇克时期（英语：Wadi Suq culture）[11]。

东亚

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4.2 ka事件導致東亞夏季風（EASM）強度大幅減弱。[23] EASM的這種顯著減弱被認為是由於大西洋经向翻转环流（AMOC）強度的減弱所致；[24] 北大西洋海水的冷卻導致EASM向北移動的減緩，並減少了其北部邊緣的降雨。[23] 由於EASM向南移動，中國南北之間出現了明顯的濕度梯度。[25] 中國東北地區受到的影響特別顯著；[26] 內蒙古呼倫湖的代用指標記錄顯示，4210–3840 BP期間發生了一次嚴重的乾旱事件，[23] 而五大連池火山口湖的記錄則顯示常綠闊葉林急劇減少。[27] 湖北神农架山玉龙洞石笋的δ18O值證實該地區乾旱程度加劇，並顯示該事件的開始是漸進的，但結束卻是突然的。[28]在洛陽盆地，4.2 ka事件的影響遠沒有那麼強烈；降水量雖然少，但並不特別少。[29]同時，中國中部地區的降水量卻增加。[30]

日本列岛的三内丸山遗址在此时期也观察到了衰退迹象，绳纹文化不断增长的人口在此之后逐渐转为减少。

中国

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参见：鲧禹治水

干旱可能导致了中国中部的新石器文化在公元前第3个千年末期的解体[31][32]。在沂沭泗河水系盆地 (由山東沂河和沭河組成流域的盆地)，繁盛的龙山文化遭到寒冷事件的打击，稻谷短缺甚至种子都不够用。自然资源的匮乏导致了当时人口下降以及现代的考古发掘点的减少[33]。大约4000年前，龙山文化被更为简单、原始、粗糙的岳石文化取代。长江流域的良渚文化也在同一时期衰退。[34] 4.2 ka事件也被認為有助於大汶口文化的衰退。[35] 然而，受影響較小的洛陽盆地的龍山文化 (河南龙山文化)卻繼續發展繁榮。[29] 4.2 ka事件對此地區杂谷種植的傳播沒有明顯的影響。 [36]

東南亞

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4.2 ka事件顯著降低了婆羅洲的聖嬰-南方振盪現象 (ENSO) 變率，石筍的δ18O值證實了這一點。 ENSO變異的降低程度僅與先前的8.2千年事件相當。[37]

南部非洲

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納米比亞東北部的石筍表明，由於熱帶輻合帶 (ITCZ) 南移，該地區變得更加濕潤。[38] 納米比亞的濕潤事件經歷了兩次脈衝。[39]

马斯克林群岛

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在羅德里格斯島未發現4.2 ka事件的訊號。 [40]

参見

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参考文献

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外部链接

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检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4.2千年事件&oldid=93001035”