SWI/SNF

维基百科,自由的百科全书
SWIB
拟南芥假定蛋白AT5G14170的SWIB/MDM2结构域的解析结构
鑑定
標誌SWIB
PfamPF02201旧版
InterPro英语InterProIPR003121
SMART英语Simple Modular Architecture Research ToolSWIB
SCOP英语Structural Classification of Proteins1ycr / SUPFAM

分子生物学领域,SWI/SNF(英語:SWItch/Sucrose NonFermentable[1][2]是同时存在于真核生物原核生物中的一种核小体重塑复合物。简而言之,它们是一群与重塑DNA包装方式有关的蛋白质。SWI/SNF由多种蛋白构成,这些蛋白往往是SWI及SNF基因(SWI1SWI2/SNF2SWI3SWI5SWI6)的产物以及一些其它多肽[3]。SWI/SNF受DNA刺激后表现出ATP酶活性,利用ATP破坏并重塑核小体的组蛋白DNA之间相互作用的稳定性,不过这种结构改变的精确性质仍未明确。

人体中与SWI/SNF相似的蛋白是BAF(与SWI/SNF-A相似)和PBAF(与SWI/SNF-B相似)。BAF表示“BRG1英语SMARCA4HRBM英语SMARCA2相关因子”,PBAF则表示“聚溴相关的BAF”[4]

作用机理[编辑]

人们发现酵母中的SWI/SNF复合物能使DNA在不同的位置与组蛋白结合成核小体[5]。目前已提出两种SWI/SNF重塑核小体的机制[6]。一种机制叫做“扭转扩散”,认为核小体DNA中的扭转缺陷发生单向扩散,使DNA从进入核小体的地方开始贴着组蛋白八聚体的表面螺旋状地传播。另一种机制叫做“突起”或“环再捕获”,意即DNA在核小体边缘与之分离,形成一环状突起。环状突起在组蛋白八聚体表面像波浪般传播,最后在核小体内部重新与之结合。这样DNA就在和组蛋白接触点数量不变的情况下完成位移[7]。最新研究提出了与“扭转扩散”机制相抵触的有力证据,使“环再捕获”模型更有说服力[8]

肿瘤抑制作用[编辑]

人类的SWI/SNF复合物(mSWI/SNF)对很多人类恶性肿瘤有抑制作用。1998年首先发现它能抑制横纹肌样瘤(一种罕见的儿童恶性肿瘤)[9]。随着DNA测序成本逐渐降低,2010年左右许多肿瘤首次得到测序。其中数项研究表明SWI/SNF对多种恶性肿瘤有抑制作用[10][11][12][13]。对多个测序研究结果的荟萃分析表明,大约20%的人类恶性肿瘤中SWI/SNF存在变异[14]

SWIB/MDM2蛋白结构域[编辑]

SWIB/MDM2蛋白结构域,全称是SWI/SNF复合物B/MDM2英语MDM2蛋白结构域是相当重要的蛋白结构域。这个蛋白结构域在SWI/SNF复合物B和p53肿瘤抑制蛋白的负向调节蛋白MDM2中均存在。已证明MDM2与SWIB复合物同源[15]

功能[编辑]

SWIB/MDM2蛋白结构域的主要功能是协助基因表达。在酵母中,它表达BADH2英语betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase、GAL1、GAL4和SUC2等数个基因。该蛋白结构域作用是促进基因转录。它有ATP酶的活性,能分解细胞基本能量“货币”单位ATP,放出能量以破坏DNA和组蛋白结合的稳定性,从而干扰染色质,并开放可供转录因子结合的位点,这就促进了基因的转录[16]

系列成员[编辑]

以下列出酵母SWI/SNF系列基因成员以及人类相应的直系同源基因[17]

酵母 人类 功能
SWI1 ARID1A英语ARID1AARID1B英语ARID1B 含有LXXLL核受体结合基序
SWI2/SNF2 SMARCA4英语SMARCA4 ATP依赖的染色质重塑
SWI3 SMARCC1英语SMARCC1SMARCC2英语SMARCC2 功能未知的相似序列
SWP73 SMARCD1英语SMARCD1SMARCD2英语SMARCD2SMARCD3英语SMARCD3 功能未知的相似序列
SWP61 ACTL6A英语ACTL6AACTL6B英语ACTL6B 肌动蛋白样蛋白

历史[编辑]

SWI/SNF首先发现于釀酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中,以交替(switching,缩写SWI)型和不发酵蔗糖型(sucrose nonfermenting,缩写SNF)型交配后所得的酵母命名[16]

另见[编辑]

参考文献 s[编辑]

  1. ^ Neigeborn L, Carlson M. Genes Affecting the Regulation of SUC2 Gene Expression by Glucose Repression in SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. Genetics. 1984, 108 (4): 845–58 [2014-01-06]. PMC 1224269可免费查阅. PMID 6392017. (原始内容存档于2008-08-21). 
  2. ^ Stern M, Jensen R, Herskowitz I. Five SWI genes are required for expression of the HO gene in yeast. J. Mol. Biol. 1984, 178 (4): 853–68. PMID 6436497. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(84)90315-2. 
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  11. ^ Li M, Zhao H, Zhang X, Wood LD, Anders RA, Choti MA, Pawlik TM, Daniel HD, Kannangai R, Offerhaus GJ, Velculescu VE, Wang L, Zhou S, Vogelstein B, Hruban RH, Papadopoulos N, Cai J, Torbenson MS, Kinzler KW. Inactivating mutations of the chromatin remodeling gene ARID2 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat. Genet. September 2011, 43 (9): 828–9. PMC 3163746可免费查阅. PMID 21822264. doi:10.1038/ng.903. 
  12. ^ Shain AH, Giacomini CP, Matsukuma K, Karikari CA, Bashyam MD, Hidalgo M, Maitra A, Pollack JR. Convergent structural alterations define SWItch/Sucrose NonFermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeler as a central tumor suppressive complex in pancreatic cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. January 2012, 109 (5): E252–9. PMC 3277150可免费查阅. PMID 22233809. doi:10.1073/pnas.1114817109. 
  13. ^ Varela I, Tarpey P, Raine K, Huang D, Ong CK, Stephens P, Davies H, Jones D, Lin ML, Teague J, Bignell G, Butler A, Cho J, Dalgliesh GL, Galappaththige D, Greenman C, Hardy C, Jia M, Latimer C, Lau KW, Marshall J, McLaren S, Menzies A, Mudie L, Stebbings L, Largaespada DA, Wessels LF, Richard S, Kahnoski RJ, Anema J, Tuveson DA, Perez-Mancera PA, Mustonen V, Fischer A, Adams DJ, Rust A, Chan-on W, Subimerb C, Dykema K, Furge K, Campbell PJ, Teh BT, Stratton MR, Futreal PA. Exome sequencing identifies frequent mutation of the SWI/SNF complex gene PBRM1 in renal carcinoma. Nature. January 2011, 469 (7331): 539–42. PMC 3030920可免费查阅. PMID 21248752. doi:10.1038/nature09639. 
  14. ^ Shain AH, Pollack JR. The spectrum of SWI/SNF mutations, ubiquitous in human cancers. PLoS ONE. 2013, 8 (1): e55119. PMC 3552954可免费查阅. PMID 23355908. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055119. 
  15. ^ Bennett-Lovsey R, Hart SE, Shirai H, Mizuguchi K. The SWIB and the MDM2 domains are homologous and share a common fold.. Bioinformatics. 2002, 18 (4): 626–30. PMID 12016060. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/18.4.626. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Decristofaro MF, Betz BL, Rorie CJ, Reisman DN, Wang W, Weissman BE. Characterization of SWI/SNF protein expression in human breast cancer cell lines and other malignancies.. J Cell Physiol. 2001, 186 (1): 136–45. PMID 11147808. doi:10.1002/1097-4652(200101)186:1<136::AID-JCP1010>3.0.CO;2-4. 
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