ZC45病毒與ZXC21病毒

ZC45病毒與ZXC21病毒
病毒分類
–未分级–：	病毒 Virus
域：	核糖病毒域 Riboviria
界：	正核糖病毒界 Orthornavirae
门：	小核糖病毒门 Pisuviricota
纲：	小南嵌套病毒纲 Pisoniviricetes
目：	網巢病毒目 Nidovirales
科：	冠状病毒科 Coronaviridae
属：	乙型冠狀病毒屬 Betacoronavirus
亚属：	沙贝病毒亚属 Sarbecovirus
种：	SARSr-CoV
病毒株：	ZC45病毒與ZXC21病毒 ZC45；ZXC21

ZC45病毒（SL-CoV ZC45）與ZXC21病毒（SL-CoV ZXC21），被部分媒體稱為舟山蝙蝠病毒^[1]，皆為嚴重急性呼吸系統綜合症相關冠狀病毒（SARSr-CoV）的病毒株，在中國浙江舟山的小菊頭蝠樣本中發現，於2018年發表。這兩個病毒株屬於SARS-CoV-2的演化支^[2]，全基因組核酸序列與SARS-CoV-2的相似度約為88%^[3]^[4]，與SARS-CoV的相似度則約為81%^[5]。

發現[编辑]

2015年至2017年間，研究人員在浙江舟山採集334隻小菊頭蝠樣本，發現其中含有多種冠狀病毒序列，其中有兩個新病毒株（即ZC45與ZXC21）的基因組被完整定序，分別長29802與29732nt，彼此基因組序列相似度為97%。這兩個病毒株的基因組序列與SARS-CoV相似度約為81%，刺突蛋白（S）胺基酸序列和SARS-CoV的相似度則為77%，皆低於Rs3367等數種較早發現的蝙蝠SARSr-CoV和SARS-CoV的相似度，且兩病毒刺突蛋白的S1次單元胺基酸序列和其他蝙蝠SARSr-CoV差異較大，與其相似度最高者（Rs806）亦僅有83%。動物實驗顯示ZC45病毒可感染實驗大鼠，在多個器官造成發炎，其中以腦組織最為明顯^[5]。

與SARS-CoV-2的相似[编辑]

2020年1月，2019冠狀病毒病疫情甫爆發後，研究人員定序SARS-CoV-2的基因組，發現ZC45與ZXC21是當時已知核酸序列與SARS-CoV-2相似度最高的病毒，約有88%^{[註 1]}，高於SARS-CoV-2與SARS-CoV相似度的82%^[2]，共同組成一演化支，不過兩病毒與與SARS-CoV-2在刺突蛋白的相似度較低，核酸序列的相似度約為75%，其中在S2次單元的相似度比S1次單元的高許多，在位於S1末端、與宿主細胞受體結合的受體結合結構域（receptor binding domain, RBD）相似度僅約60%，低於SARS-CoV-2與SARS-CoV在此的相似度（約74%）^[4]^[6]。

爭議[编辑]

2020年9月，前香港大學病毒學研究員閆麗夢在美國發表未經同行評審的論文，指控SARS-CoV-2並非自然產生，而是在實驗室經改造ZC45與ZXC21（或稱「舟山蝙蝠病毒」）而成的人造病毒，論文指出SARS-CoV-2基因組中的許多特徵不見於其他冠狀病毒，且ZC45與ZXC21的序列和其「十分相似」，很可能是製作SARS-CoV-2的來源模板，而與SARS-CoV-2關係接近、但在疫情爆發後才發表的RaTG13病毒、RmYN02病毒與穿山甲冠狀病毒可能為虛構^[7]^[8]。此論文的可信度受到諸多學者批評^[9]，許多病毒學家表示ZC45與ZXC21和SARS-CoV-2的序列差異大於10%，約有3500個鹼基不同，差異已大到幾乎不可能為人工製造^[10]，有學者並形容此論文為垃圾科學^[11]。

註腳[编辑]

^ 但後來發表的RaTG13病毒、RmYN02病毒等基因組與SARS-CoV-2的相似度更高，分別為96.2%與93.3%^[4]。

參考文獻[编辑]

^ 林祖偉. 肺炎疫情：新冠病毒到底哪來的？科學界的幾種說法. BBC中文. 2020-04-03 [2021-01-20]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-30）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Jiang, Shibo; Du, Lanying; Shi, Zhengli. An emerging coronavirus causing pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China: calling for developing therapeutic and prophylactic strategies. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2020, 9 (1): 275–277. ISSN 2222-1751. doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1723441.
^ Lau, Susanna K.P.; Luk, Hayes K.H.; Wong, Antonio C.P.; Li, Kenneth S.M.; Zhu, Longchao; He, Zirong; Fung, Joshua; Chan, Tony T.Y.; Fung, Kitty S.C.; Woo, Patrick C.Y. Possible Bat Origin of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2020, 26 (7): 1542–1547. ISSN 1080-6040. doi:10.3201/eid2607.200092.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Zhou, Hong; Chen, Xing; Hu, Tao; Li, Juan; Song, Hao; Liu, Yanran; Wang, Peihan; Liu, Di; Yang, Jing; Holmes, Edward C.; Hughes, Alice C.; Bi, Yuhai; Shi, Weifeng. A Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to SARS-CoV-2 Contains Natural Insertions at the S1/S2 Cleavage Site of the Spike Protein. Current Biology. 2020, 30 (11): 2196–2203.e3. ISSN 0960-9822. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.023.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Hu, Dan; Zhu, Changqiang; Ai, Lele; He, Ting; Wang, Yi; Ye, Fuqiang; Yang, Lu; Ding, Chenxi; Zhu, Xuhui; Lv, Ruicheng; Zhu, Jin; Hassan, Bachar; Feng, Youjun; Tan, Weilong; Wang, Changjun. Genomic characterization and infectivity of a novel SARS-like coronavirus in Chinese bats. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2018, 7 (1): 1–10. ISSN 2222-1751. doi:10.1038/s41426-018-0155-5.
^ Lu, Roujian; Zhao, Xiang; Li, Juan; Niu, Peihua; Yang, Bo; Wu, Honglong; Wang, Wenling; Song, Hao; Huang, Baoying; Zhu, Na; Bi, Yuhai; Ma, Xuejun; Zhan, Faxian; Wang, Liang; Hu, Tao; Zhou, Hong; Hu, Zhenhong; Zhou, Weimin; Zhao, Li; Chen, Jing; Meng, Yao; Wang, Ji; Lin, Yang; Yuan, Jianying; Xie, Zhihao; Ma, Jinmin; Liu, William J; Wang, Dayan; Xu, Wenbo; Holmes, Edward C; Gao, George F; Wu, Guizhen; Chen, Weijun; Shi, Weifeng; Tan, Wenjie. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet. 2020, 395 (10224): 565–574. ISSN 0140-6736. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.
^ Yan, Li-Meng; Kang, Shu; Guan, Jie; Hu, Shanchang. Unusual Features of the SARS-CoV-2 Genome Suggesting Sophisticated Laboratory Modification Rather Than Natural Evolution and Delineation of Its Probable Synthetic Route. Rule of Law Society & Rule of Law Foundation. [2021-01-20]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-15）.
^ Keoni Everington. Virologist releases paper claiming coronavirus made in Chinese lab. Taiwan News. 2020-09-15 [2021-01-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-15）.
^ Katherine J. Wu. Another ‘Unfounded’ Study on Origins of Virus Spreads Online. The New York Times. 2020-10-13 [2021-01-20]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-02）.
^ Brouillette, Monique; Renner, Rebecca. Why misinformation about COVID-19's origins keeps going viral: Another piece of coronavirus misinformation is making the rounds. Here's how to sift through the muck.. National Geographic. September 18, 2020 [2021-01-20]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-24）.
^ Kuznia, Rob; Bronstein, Scott; Griffin, Drew; Devine, Curt. How a Covid-19 origin theory backed by Bannon unraveled - CNNPolitics. CNN. October 21, 2020 [October 22, 2020].

[6] 但後來發表的RaTG13病毒、RmYN02病毒等基因組與SARS-CoV-2的相似度更高，分別為96.2%與93.3%^[4]。

[1] 林祖偉. 肺炎疫情：新冠病毒到底哪來的？科學界的幾種說法. BBC中文. 2020-04-03 [2021-01-20]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-30）.

[JiangDu2020-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Jiang, Shibo; Du, Lanying; Shi, Zhengli. An emerging coronavirus causing pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China: calling for developing therapeutic and prophylactic strategies. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2020, 9 (1): 275–277. ISSN 2222-1751. doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1723441.

[LauLuk2020-3] Lau, Susanna K.P.; Luk, Hayes K.H.; Wong, Antonio C.P.; Li, Kenneth S.M.; Zhu, Longchao; He, Zirong; Fung, Joshua; Chan, Tony T.Y.; Fung, Kitty S.C.; Woo, Patrick C.Y. Possible Bat Origin of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2020, 26 (7): 1542–1547. ISSN 1080-6040. doi:10.3201/eid2607.200092.

[ZhouChen2020-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Zhou, Hong; Chen, Xing; Hu, Tao; Li, Juan; Song, Hao; Liu, Yanran; Wang, Peihan; Liu, Di; Yang, Jing; Holmes, Edward C.; Hughes, Alice C.; Bi, Yuhai; Shi, Weifeng. A Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to SARS-CoV-2 Contains Natural Insertions at the S1/S2 Cleavage Site of the Spike Protein. Current Biology. 2020, 30 (11): 2196–2203.e3. ISSN 0960-9822. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.023.

[HuZhu2018-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Hu, Dan; Zhu, Changqiang; Ai, Lele; He, Ting; Wang, Yi; Ye, Fuqiang; Yang, Lu; Ding, Chenxi; Zhu, Xuhui; Lv, Ruicheng; Zhu, Jin; Hassan, Bachar; Feng, Youjun; Tan, Weilong; Wang, Changjun. Genomic characterization and infectivity of a novel SARS-like coronavirus in Chinese bats. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2018, 7 (1): 1–10. ISSN 2222-1751. doi:10.1038/s41426-018-0155-5.

[LuZhao2020-7] Lu, Roujian; Zhao, Xiang; Li, Juan; Niu, Peihua; Yang, Bo; Wu, Honglong; Wang, Wenling; Song, Hao; Huang, Baoying; Zhu, Na; Bi, Yuhai; Ma, Xuejun; Zhan, Faxian; Wang, Liang; Hu, Tao; Zhou, Hong; Hu, Zhenhong; Zhou, Weimin; Zhao, Li; Chen, Jing; Meng, Yao; Wang, Ji; Lin, Yang; Yuan, Jianying; Xie, Zhihao; Ma, Jinmin; Liu, William J; Wang, Dayan; Xu, Wenbo; Holmes, Edward C; Gao, George F; Wu, Guizhen; Chen, Weijun; Shi, Weifeng; Tan, Wenjie. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet. 2020, 395 (10224): 565–574. ISSN 0140-6736. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.

[8] Yan, Li-Meng; Kang, Shu; Guan, Jie; Hu, Shanchang. Unusual Features of the SARS-CoV-2 Genome Suggesting Sophisticated Laboratory Modification Rather Than Natural Evolution and Delineation of Its Probable Synthetic Route. Rule of Law Society & Rule of Law Foundation. [2021-01-20]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-15）.

[9] Keoni Everington. Virologist releases paper claiming coronavirus made in Chinese lab. Taiwan News. 2020-09-15 [2021-01-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-15）.

[10] Katherine J. Wu. Another ‘Unfounded’ Study on Origins of Virus Spreads Online. The New York Times. 2020-10-13 [2021-01-20]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-02）.

[nationalgeographic-11] Brouillette, Monique; Renner, Rebecca. Why misinformation about COVID-19's origins keeps going viral: Another piece of coronavirus misinformation is making the rounds. Here's how to sift through the muck.. National Geographic. September 18, 2020 [2021-01-20]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-24）.

[CNN_Kuzniaetal_20201021-12] Kuznia, Rob; Bronstein, Scott; Griffin, Drew; Devine, Curt. How a Covid-19 origin theory backed by Bannon unraveled - CNNPolitics. CNN. October 21, 2020 [October 22, 2020].

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