陆龙卷

陆龙卷是大气科学家霍华德·B·布鲁斯坦（英语：Howard B. Bluestein）在1985年为一种与中气旋（英语：Mesocyclone）无关的龙卷风所创建的术语。^[1]《气象学术语表》将陆龙卷定义为：

口语化表述龙卷风是在其成长阶段的母云以及起源于边界层的涡度。

母云不包含预先存在的中级中气旋。陆龙卷之所以如此命名，是因为它看起来像“陆地上空的佛罗里达群岛水龙卷。”^[2]

特征[编辑]

陆龙卷是一种龙卷风，在浓积云的生长阶段形成，通过向上伸展大气边界层涡量并进入浓积云的上升气流。它们通常比超级单体龙卷风更小、更弱，并且不是由中气旋或云中预先存在的旋转形成的。正因为如此，多普勒天气雷达很少检测到陆龙卷。^[3]

陆龙卷与水龙卷有很强的相似性和发展过程，通常采用半透明和高度层流螺旋管的形式。"它们通常是狭窄的、绳状的冷凝漏斗，在雷暴云仍在生长并且没有旋转上升气流时形成"，根据国家气象局。^[4]陆龙卷被认为是龙卷风，因为快速旋转的空气柱同时与地表和积云接触。并非所有的陆龙卷都是可见的，而且许多是最初在地表旋转的碎片，然后最终被冷凝和灰尘填满的。

生命周期[编辑]

形成于中气旋（英语：Mesocyclone）和上升气流之下，一个陆龙卷通常持续不到15分钟，然而它们可以持续更长时间，并造成严重损害。它们通过可识别的形成、成熟和消散阶段进行，并在附近发生下沉气流或显著降水时趋于衰减。它们可能以线状或成组的形式形成多个陆港。 ^[5]

损害[编辑]

陆龙卷通常很弱，然而在极少数情况下，陆龙卷风可能与EF3藤田级数龙卷风一样强大。^[5]^[6]

参见[编辑]

参考资料[编辑]

^ Bluestein, Howard B. The formation of a "landspout" in a "broken-line" squall line in Oklahoma. Preprints, 14th Conf. On Severe Local Storms, Indianapolis, American Meteorological Society. 1985, 14: 267–270 [27 March 2007]. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0558:AHOSSI>2.0.CO;2 .
^ American Meteorological Society. Glossary of Meteorology, Second Edition. ametsoc.org. 2000 [27 March 2007]. （原始内容存档于6 April 2007）.
^ Wakimoto; Wilson. Non-supercell Tornadoes. Monthly Weather Review. 1989, 117 (6): 1113–1140. Bibcode:1989MWRv..117.1113W. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<1113:NST>2.0.CO;2 .
^ Judson Jones. The No. 1 US county for producing tornadoes just spawned another landspout. CNN. 8 June 2021 [2021-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-26）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Forbes; Wakimoto. A Concentrated Outbreak of Tornadoes, Downbursts and Microbursts, and Implications Regarding Vortex Classification. Monthly Weather Review. 1983, 111 (1): 220–235. Bibcode:1983MWRv..111..220F. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1983)111<0220:ACOOTD>2.0.CO;2 .
^ National Weather Service. EF-0 Landspout Tornado near Grand Junction, MI, on June 30, 2017. [20 March 2018]. （原始内容存档于2018-03-20）.

外部链接[编辑]

[landspout-1] Bluestein, Howard B. The formation of a "landspout" in a "broken-line" squall line in Oklahoma. Preprints, 14th Conf. On Severe Local Storms, Indianapolis, American Meteorological Society. 1985, 14: 267–270 [27 March 2007]. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0558:AHOSSI>2.0.CO;2 .

[Glossary_of_Meteorology-2] American Meteorological Society. Glossary of Meteorology, Second Edition. ametsoc.org. 2000 [27 March 2007]. （原始内容存档于6 April 2007）.

[3] Wakimoto; Wilson. Non-supercell Tornadoes. Monthly Weather Review. 1989, 117 (6): 1113–1140. Bibcode:1989MWRv..117.1113W. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<1113:NST>2.0.CO;2 .

[4] Judson Jones. The No. 1 US county for producing tornadoes just spawned another landspout. CNN. 8 June 2021 [2021-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-26）.

[:0-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Forbes; Wakimoto. A Concentrated Outbreak of Tornadoes, Downbursts and Microbursts, and Implications Regarding Vortex Classification. Monthly Weather Review. 1983, 111 (1): 220–235. Bibcode:1983MWRv..111..220F. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1983)111<0220:ACOOTD>2.0.CO;2 .

[NWS-LandspoutSummary-6] National Weather Service. EF-0 Landspout Tornado near Grand Junction, MI, on June 30, 2017. [20 March 2018]. （原始内容存档于2018-03-20）.

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