转录前起始复合体
转录前起始复合体(Transcription preinitiation complex,简称PIC)是真核生物与古菌细胞基因转录前由约100个蛋白质组成的复合体,真核生物转录mRNA的前起始复合体包括负责转录的RNA聚合酶Ⅱ[1][2]、6种通用转录因子(TFIIA、TFIIB、TFIID、TFIIE、TFIIF、TFIIH)与其他辅助蛋白,组成过程中TFIID的TATA结合蛋白次单元首先在TFIIA的帮助下与DNA启动子的TATA盒(或起始子元件等其他元件)结合[3],接著TFIIB也会与启动子上的BRE元件(TFIIB-recognition element)结合[4],D、A、B三者与启动子结合组成的复合体可再吸引TFIIF和RNA聚合酶Ⅱ前来[3],随后TFIIE、TFIIH再先后与复合体结合[5],后者结合DNA中的模板股,具解旋酶活性,可将启动子区域的DNA双股螺旋解开以形成转录泡,此外还具激酶活性,可将RNA聚合酶Ⅱ的C端结构域磷酸化以活化聚合酶开始转录[5]。除了以上六种通用转录因子外,转录前起始复合体还包括中介体、染色质重塑酶、其他共同活化物等调控蛋白[6],其中中介子与转录前起始复合体结合后,可与距离较远的调控序列强化子结合以促进转录进行[7]。古菌的转录前起始复合体与真核生物的类似,但较为简化,仅需TATA结合蛋白、TFIIB与RNA聚合酶,且转录因子与DNA结合的方向和真核生物的可能为相反[8]。
真核生物的转录起始后,聚合酶合成约10个碱基的RNA时可能发生流产性起始,即聚合酶停止转录、将此10nt左右的RNA释出,但仍与启动子结合,随后聚合酶成功脱离启动子和转录前起始复合体(启动子解离)才可继续转录产生完整的mRNA(此过程中RNA聚合酶Ⅱ的C端结构域会被磷酸化[9])[10],在此之前可能会发生数次的流产性起始[11]。
RNA聚合酶I(转录rRNA)与RNA聚合酶III(转录tRNA等小RNA)转录起始的机制则与RNA聚合酶II的不同。RNA聚合酶I转录前,UBTF先与起始位点上游100至200nt处的上游控制元件(UCE)结合,再与选择因子I复合体(或称TIF-IB)结合,促使上游控制元件与启动子核心区域接触,随后RNA聚合酶I再与此复合体结合并开始转录[12][13];RNA聚合酶III的转录起始则仰赖位于起始位点下游的调控序列(internal control sequences),具体机制因转录小RNA的种类而异[14]。
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Lee TI, Young RA. Transcription of eukaryotic protein-coding genes. Annual Review of Genetics. 2000, 34: 77–137. PMID 11092823. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.34.1.77.
- ^ Kornberg RD. The molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. August 2007, 104 (32): 12955–61. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10412955K. PMC 1941834 . PMID 17670940. doi:10.1073/pnas.0704138104.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Ossipow V, Fonjaliaz P, Schibler U. An RNA Polymerase II Complex Containing All Essential Initiation Factors Binds to the Activation Domain of PAR Leucine Zipper Transcription Factor Thyroid Embryonic Factor. Mol Cell Biol. Feb 1999, 19 (2): 1242–50. PMC 116053 . PMID 9891058. doi:10.1128/mcb.19.2.1242.
- ^ Polymerase II. (原始内容存档于2004-10-18).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Lee TI, Young RA. Transcription of eukaryotic protein-coding genes. Annu Rev Genet. 2000, 34: 77–137. PMID 11092823. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.34.1.77.
- ^ Allen BL, Taatjes DJ. The Mediator complex: a central integrator of transcription. Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 2015, 16 (3): 155–66. PMC 4963239 . PMID 25693131. doi:10.1038/nrm3951.
- ^ Reeves WM, Hahn S. Activator-Independent Functions of the Yeast Mediator Sin4 Complex in Preinitiation Complex Formation and Transcription Reinitiation (PDF). Mol Cell Biol. Jan 2003, 23 (1): 349–58. PMC 140685 . PMID 12482986. doi:10.1128/MCB.23.1.349-358.2003. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-13).
- ^ Bell, SD; Jackson, SP. Transcription and translation in Archaea: a mosaic of eukaryal and bacterial features.. Trends in Microbiology. June 1998, 6 (6): 222–8. PMID 9675798. doi:10.1016/S0966-842X(98)01281-5.
- ^ Watson, James; Baker, Tania A.; Bell, Stephen P.; Gann, Alexander; Levine, Michael; Losik, Richard; Harrison, Stephen C. Molecular Biology of the Gene 7th. Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company. 2014. ISBN 978-0-321-76243-6.
- ^ Dvir A. Promoter escape by RNA polymerase II. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. September 2002, 1577 (2): 208–223. PMID 12213653. doi:10.1016/S0167-4781(02)00453-0.
- ^ Goldman SR, Ebright RH, Nickels BE. Direct detection of abortive RNA transcripts in vivo. Science. 2009, 324 (5929): 927–8. Bibcode:2009Sci...324..927G. PMC 2718712 . PMID 19443781. doi:10.1126/science.1169237.
- ^ Jantzen, Hans-Michael; Admon, Arie; Bell, Stephen P.; Tjian, Robert. Nucleolar transcription factor hUBF contains a DNA-binding motif with homology to HMG proteins. Nature. 26 April 1990, 344 (6269): 830–836. Bibcode:1990Natur.344..830J. PMID 2330041. doi:10.1038/344830a0.
- ^ Grummt, Ingrid. Life on a planet of its own: regulation of RNA polymerase I transcription in the nucleolus. Genes & Development. 15 July 2003, 17 (14): 1691–1702 [16 December 2014]. PMID 12865296. doi:10.1101/gad.1098503R. (原始内容存档于2021-05-23).
- ^ Han, Y; Yan, C; Fishbain, S; Ivanov, I; He, Y. Structural visualization of RNA polymerase III transcription machineries.. Cell Discovery. 2018, 4: 40. PMC 6066478 . PMID 30083386. doi:10.1038/s41421-018-0044-z.