脂褐素

脂褐素（英语：lipofuscin）的命名由来是具有颗粒状的褐黄色色素^[1]，由含有脂肪的残存物与溶酶体消化物所组成。被认为是一种随著年纪增长或细胞操劳而增加的色素，可见于肝脏、肾脏、心肌、肾上腺、神经细胞与神经节细胞。主要分布在细胞核周围，是脂色素的一种。

形成与流转[编辑]

脂褐素是不饱和脂肪酸氧化后的产物，也可能来自生物膜的降解、或是将运输至粒线体或溶酶体的物质。除了有大量的脂肪成分外，脂褐素还有糖类与金属成份，包括汞、铝、铁、铜、锌^[2]

类脂褐素的物质累积会造成脂褐素形成与排除间的不平衡：此种累积现象可以借由对大鼠施打蛋白酶抑制剂而观察到，但经过三个月后，可以发现老鼠的类脂褐素物质已回复到正常值，代表著大鼠有自体调节脂褐素物质的能力^[3]。不过此一研究尚具争议，主因是亮肽素促进产生的物质是否是一种脂褐素^[4]^[5]，因为早先的证据显示真正的脂褐素在体外环境是不会降解的^[6]^[7]^[8]；但在体内是否能持续不被分解是存疑的。

减少脂褐素积累的疗法[编辑]

卡路里限制饮食^[2]、维生素E^[2]与增加谷胱甘肽均可以减少或停止脂褐质的产生。

研究指出，益智药吡拉西坦可以减少大鼠脑组织累积脂褐素的量^[11]。

其他可能的疗法：

湿性老年黄斑变性可以治疗使用选择性雷射在脉冲小点加热并杀死色素丰富的细胞，空出的空间可以让健康细胞的繁殖。雷射也用于去除纹身、医学美容也让皮肤看起来更年轻。选择性雷射去除脂褐质为生命延续领域的研究开辟了新的契机。

脂褐质的其他用途[编辑]

脂褐素的定量是可应用于甲壳类动物例如龙虾的年龄鉴定。由于这些动物缺乏骨性部分，所以不能像硬骨鱼类一样，每年会增加在耳后的骨头或耳石来计算年龄。年龄测定是了解鱼类和贝类的一项基本生物数据，如生长曲线。一些研究表明，量化的量存在脂褐素在眼柄可以提供年龄数值。不过这种方法尚未得到广泛的应用，主要是由于水族馆饲养的积累曲线与野外捕捉的积累曲线不太一致。

参考文献[编辑]

引用[编辑]

^ 道兰氏医学词典中的lipofuscin
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Chris Gaugler, "Lipofuscin 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2007-07-15.", Stanislaus Journal of Biochemical Reviews May 1997
^ ML Katz, LM Rice and CL Gao, "Reversible accumulation of lipofuscin-like inclusions in the retinal pigment epithelium （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol 40,(1999) pp.175-181.
^ Alexei Terman and Ulf T. Brunk, "Is Lipofuscin Eliminated from Cells? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, (1999) vol. 40 pp.2463-2464.
^ Sallyanne Davies and Steven Ellis, "Lipofuscin Turnover （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. (1999)40 pp.1887-1888
^ Terman, A, Brunk, UT. On the degradability and exocytosis of ceroid/lipofuscin in cultured rat cardiac myocytes. Mech Ageing Dev. 1998, 100 (2): 145–156. PMID 9541135. doi:10.1016/S0047-6374(97)00129-2.
^ Terman, A, Brunk, UT (1998) "Ceroid/lipofuscin formation in cultured human fibroblasts: the role of oxidative stress and lysosomal proteolysis", Mech Ageing Dev 104, pp.277-291, PMID 9818731
^ Elleder, M, Drahota, Z, Lisá V, Mares V, Mandys V, Müller J, Palmer DN.(1995) "Tissue culture loading test with storage granules from animal models of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (Batten disease): testing their lysosomal degradability by normal and Batten cells" Am J Med Genet 57, pp.213-221, PMID 7668332
^ John Lacey, "Harvard Medical signs agreement with Merck to develop potential therapy for macular degeneration （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", 23-May-2006
^ Muscle Nerve (2002) vol 25 pp.383-389
^ M. M. Paula-Barbosa, F. Brandao, M. C. Pinho, J. P. Andrade, M. D. Madeira, A. Cadete-Leite. The Effects of Piracetam on Lipofuscin of the Rat Cerebellar and Hippocampal Neurons after Long-Term Alcohol Treatment and Withdrawal: A Quantitative Study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 1991-10, 15 (5): 834–838 [2022-10-21]. ISSN 0145-6008. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb00610.x. （原始内容存档于2022-10-23）（英语）.
^ Roy D, Pathak DN, Singh R., "Effect of centrophenoxine on the antioxidative enzymes in various regions of the aging rat brain.^{[失效链接]}", Exp Gerontol. 1983;18(3):185-97.
^ Amenta F, Ferrante F, et all, "Reduced lipofuscin accumulation in senescent rat brain by long-term acetyl-L-carnitine treatment. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1989 Sep-Oct;9(2):147-53.
^ Huang SZ, Luo YJ, Wang L, Cai KY., "Effect of ginkgo biloba extract on livers in aged rats. ^{[失效链接]}", World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jan 7;11(1):132-5.
^ 存档副本. [2009-06-14]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-11）.

来源[编辑]

Gaugler, Chris. Lipofuscin. Stanislaus Journal of Biochemical Reviews. May 1997. （原始内容存档于2007-07-15）.
Terman, A.; Brunk, U. Lipofuscin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004, 36 (8): 1400–4. PMID 15147719. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2003.08.009.
Histology at neuro.wustl.edu
Histology image: 20301loa – 波士顿大学的组织学学习系统
Destroying Lipofuscin and Destroying Cancer, FightAging.org （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Unfocused Pulsed Lasers Selectively Destroy Lipofuscin, AcceleratingFuture.com

[1] 道兰氏医学词典中的lipofuscin

[gaugler-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Chris Gaugler, "Lipofuscin 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2007-07-15.", Stanislaus Journal of Biochemical Reviews May 1997

[3] ML Katz, LM Rice and CL Gao, "Reversible accumulation of lipofuscin-like inclusions in the retinal pigment epithelium （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol 40,(1999) pp.175-181.

[4] Alexei Terman and Ulf T. Brunk, "Is Lipofuscin Eliminated from Cells? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, (1999) vol. 40 pp.2463-2464.

[5] Sallyanne Davies and Steven Ellis, "Lipofuscin Turnover （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. (1999)40 pp.1887-1888

[6] Terman, A, Brunk, UT. On the degradability and exocytosis of ceroid/lipofuscin in cultured rat cardiac myocytes. Mech Ageing Dev. 1998, 100 (2): 145–156. PMID 9541135. doi:10.1016/S0047-6374(97)00129-2.

[7] Terman, A, Brunk, UT (1998) "Ceroid/lipofuscin formation in cultured human fibroblasts: the role of oxidative stress and lysosomal proteolysis", Mech Ageing Dev 104, pp.277-291, PMID 9818731

[8] Elleder, M, Drahota, Z, Lisá V, Mares V, Mandys V, Müller J, Palmer DN.(1995) "Tissue culture loading test with storage granules from animal models of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (Batten disease): testing their lysosomal degradability by normal and Batten cells" Am J Med Genet 57, pp.213-221, PMID 7668332

[9] John Lacey, "Harvard Medical signs agreement with Merck to develop potential therapy for macular degeneration （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", 23-May-2006

[10] Muscle Nerve (2002) vol 25 pp.383-389

[11] M. M. Paula-Barbosa, F. Brandao, M. C. Pinho, J. P. Andrade, M. D. Madeira, A. Cadete-Leite. The Effects of Piracetam on Lipofuscin of the Rat Cerebellar and Hippocampal Neurons after Long-Term Alcohol Treatment and Withdrawal: A Quantitative Study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 1991-10, 15 (5): 834–838 [2022-10-21]. ISSN 0145-6008. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb00610.x. （原始内容存档于2022-10-23）（英语）.

[12] Roy D, Pathak DN, Singh R., "Effect of centrophenoxine on the antioxidative enzymes in various regions of the aging rat brain.^{[失效链接]}", Exp Gerontol. 1983;18(3):185-97.

[13] Amenta F, Ferrante F, et all, "Reduced lipofuscin accumulation in senescent rat brain by long-term acetyl-L-carnitine treatment. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1989 Sep-Oct;9(2):147-53.

[14] Huang SZ, Luo YJ, Wang L, Cai KY., "Effect of ginkgo biloba extract on livers in aged rats. ^{[失效链接]}", World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jan 7;11(1):132-5.

[15] 存档副本. [2009-06-14]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-11）.

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