小豬籠草
小豬籠草
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| 產自馬來西亞登嘉樓州的小豬籠草，示其捕蟲籠 | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 植物界 Plantae |
| 演化支： | 維管束植物 Tracheophyta |
| 演化支： | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
| 演化支： | 真雙子葉植物 Eudicots |
| 目： | 石竹目 Caryophyllales |
| 科： | 豬籠草科 Nepenthaceae |
| 屬： | 豬籠草屬 Nepenthes |
| 種： | 小豬籠草 N. gracilis
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| 二名法 | |
| Nepenthes gracilis | |
| 異名 | |
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小豬籠草（學名：Nepenthes gracilis）廣布於東南亞低地的熱帶食蟲植物。[5]其種加詞來源於拉丁文「gracilis」，意為「細長的」。小豬籠草存在於馬來西亞、新加坡、印尼蘇門答臘及泰國。[6][7][8][9][10]該物種的海拔分布範圍也很廣，為海拔0至1100米[11]（少數甚至可達1700米[12]），但其大部分都分布於海拔100米以下的地區，極少數植株存在於海拔1000米以上的地區。[12]儘管其分布非常的廣泛，但關於小豬籠草的自然雜交種卻很少見。
彼得·威廉·科薩爾在1839年發表的專著《關於豬籠草屬》中對小豬籠草進行了正式的描述。[2]
產自菲律賓的源小豬籠草（N. abgracilis）由於與小豬籠草非常相似而得名。[13]
食蟲性[編輯]
小豬籠草的捕蟲籠相對比較普通，唇非常窄小。但其捕蟲籠籠蓋下表面卻存在着參差不齊的蠟質層，該特徵可能是豬籠草屬內唯一的。該蠟質層與捕蟲籠內表面蠟質區的蠟質層厚度不一且結構也完全不同。，該蠟質層在下暴雨時會增加昆蟲在籠蓋下表面的附着難度，使昆蟲容易受雨滴撞擊而落入捕蟲籠內，從而該蠟質層成為小豬籠草捕獲獵物機制的一部分[14]。科學家透過X光分析小豬籠草，發現籠蓋與植株間有個特別脆弱的點，該點被雨滴擊中時會塌陷，連帶使籠蓋往下彈，讓獵物落入捕蟲籠後以特定方式復原。這是其近親萊佛士豬籠草沒有的機制。[15]
在實驗條件下小豬籠草的捕蟲試驗[14]
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螞蟻被模擬的降雨從籠蓋下表面的蠟質區擊落
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在籠蓋下表面放置一個迴紋針的對照試驗
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高速攝影展示家蠅（Musca domestica）被雨滴擊落入捕蟲籠的過程（錄像幀頻：428 s−1，播放幀頻10 s−1）
分布範圍[編輯]
小豬籠草分布廣泛，存在於婆羅洲、西馬來西亞、新加坡、蘇拉威西中部、蘇門答臘及泰國南部。[6]其也存在於許多小型島嶼中，包括邦加島、巴圖群島、勿里洞島[16]望加麗島、蘭塔島、達魯島、納閩島[17]、浮羅交怡、孟德爾島、明打威群島（西比路島）、美蘭地群島（巴東島、朗桑島、直名丁宜島）、馬薩拉島、尼亞斯島、檳榔嶼、廖內群島（林加群島、納土納群島[18]、廖內島）、魯帕島。[19]
相關物種[編輯]
2001年，查爾斯·克拉克對來自蘇門答臘島和西馬來西亞的豬籠草進行了分支系統學分析，共利用了70個形態特徵。以下為豬籠草進化樹的「第6分支」。[20]
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種下類群[編輯]
儘管小豬籠草的可變性較小[20]，但其還是存在着大量的種下類群。但大部分命名都不是有效的。
- Nepenthes gracilis f. angustifolia (Mast.) Hort.Westphal (1993)
- Nepenthes gracilis var. angustifolia (Mast.) Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985)
- Nepenthes gracilis var. arenaria Ridl. ex Macf. (1908)[21]
- Nepenthes gracilis var. elongata Bl. (1852)
- Nepenthes gracilis var. longinodis Beck (1895)[4]
- Nepenthes gracilis var. major Hort.Lindsay ex Dixon (1889)
- Nepenthes gracilis var. teysmanniana (Miq.) Beck (1895)[4]
自然雜交種[編輯]
以下是已發現的關於小豬籠草的自然雜交種。
- N. albomarginata × N. gracilis
- N. ampullaria × N. gracilis [=N. × trichocarpa][22]
- (N. ampullaria × N. gracilis) × N. bicalcarata [=N. × trichocarpa × N. bicalcarata]
- N. bicalcarata × N. gracilis [=N. × cantleyi][22]
- ? N. eustachya × N. gracilis[6]
- N. gracilis × N. mirabilis [=N. × sharifah-hapsahii, N. × ghazallyana, N. × grabilis, N. neglecta?][6][22][23]
- N. gracilis × N. northiana [=N. × bauensis][24]
- N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana[22][22][25][26]
- N. gracilis × N. reinwardtiana[20]
- N. gracilis × N. sumatrana[6]
參考文獻[編輯]
- ^ Clarke, C.M. Nepenthes gracilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018, 2018: e.T39663A143960417 [2022-08-01]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T39663A143960417.en
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- ^ 2.0 2.1 Korthals, P.W. 1839. Over het geslacht Nepenthes. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde. Leiden. pp. 1–44, t. 1–4, 13–15, 20–22.
- ^ Masters, M.T. 1881. New garden plants. Nepenthes angustifolia (Mast.), sp. nov. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 16(408): 524.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 （德文） Beck, G. 1895. Die Gattung Nepenthes. Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung 20(3–6): 96–107, 141–150, 182–192, 217–229. 引用錯誤：帶有name屬性「Beck」的
<ref>標籤用不同內容定義了多次 - ^ 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007: 56–57. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.
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- ^ McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
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