查爾斯·桑德斯·皮爾士

查爾斯·桑德斯·皮爾士
Charles Sanders Peirce
查爾斯·桑德斯·皮爾士; Charles Sanders Peirce
出生	1839年9月10日; 美國麻薩諸塞州劍橋市
逝世	1914年4月19日（74歲）; 美國賓夕法尼亞州米爾福德
國籍	美國
研究領域	邏輯、數學、統計學、哲學、計量學、化學、實驗心理學、經濟學、語言學、科學史
信仰	美國聖公會

查爾斯·桑德斯·皮爾士（英語：Charles Sanders Santiago Peirce，1839年9月10日—1914年4月19日；中文常譯為皮爾斯或帕爾斯，實際讀音為/pɜːrs/，同「purse」，更接近「珀斯」）是美國的哲學家、邏輯學家、數學家，被尊為「實用主義之父」。^[8]^[9]

生平[編輯]

1839年生於馬薩諸塞州坎布里奇，早年在哈佛大學接受教育，後任教於霍普金斯大學。

皮爾士在其一生中被很大程度上忽視了，直到第二次世界大戰對他的研究文獻仍很缺乏。他的很多巨著仍未出版中譯本。他是數學、研究方法論、科學哲學、知識論和形而上學領域中的改革者，他自認為首先是邏輯學家。儘管他主要對形式邏輯做出重要貢獻，他的「邏輯」所含蓋的很多內容現在被稱做了科學哲學和知識論。他發現並創建了作為符號學分支的邏輯學，他發現邏輯運算可以用電子開關電路完成，因此預見了電子計算機。

他被威廉·詹姆士認為是美國當代實用主義的奠基人。

參見[編輯]

參考資料[編輯]

^ Hacking, Ian (1990), "A Universe of Chance", The Taming of Chance, pp. 200–215, Cambridge U. Pr.
^ Stigler, Stephen M. Mathematical statistics in the early States. Annals of Statistics. 1978, 6: 239–265 [248] [2015-09-12]. JSTOR 2958876. MR 0483118. doi:10.1214/aos/1176344123. （原始內容存檔於2015-07-20）.
^ Crease, Robert P. Charles Sanders Peirce and the first absolute measurement standard: In his brilliant but troubled life, Peirce was a pioneer in both metrology and philosophy. Physics Today. 2009, 62 (12): 39–44. doi:10.1063/1.3273015. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-12）.
^ Cadwallader, Thomas C. Charles S. Peirce (1839-1914): The first American experimental psychologist. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. 1974, 10 (3): 291. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(197407)10:3<291::AID-JHBS2300100304>3.0.CO;2-N.
^ Wible, James R. (2008), "The Economic Mind of Charles Sanders Peirce （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）", Contemporary Pragmatism, v. 5, n. 2, December, pp. 39-67
^ Nöth, Winfried (2000), "Charles Sanders Peirce, Pathfinder in Linguistics （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）", Digital Encyclopedia of Charles S. Peirce （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
^ Joseph Brent. Charles Sanders Peirce: A Life 2. Indiana University Press. 1998: 18 [2012-09-24]. ISBN 9780253211613. Peirce had strong, though unorthodox, religious convictions. Although he was a communicant in the Episcopal church for most of his life, he expressed contempt for the theologies, metaphysics, and practices of established religions.
^ Weiss, Paul. Dictionary of American Biography. Arisbe. 1934 [2023-06-12]. （原始內容存檔於2013-11-03）. |article=和|title=只需其一 (幫助)
^ Webster's Biographical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Springfield, Massachusetts. 1960. 已忽略未知參數|orig-date= (幫助); |article=和|title=只需其一 (幫助)

Anellis, I.H. (1995) "Peirce Rustled, Russell Pierced: How Charles Peirce and Bertrand Russell Viewed Each Other's Work in Logic, and an Assessment of Russell's Accuracy and Role in the Historiography of Logic," Eprint （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Modern Logic 5: 270–328.
Aristotle，"The Categories," Harold P. Cooke (trans.), pp. 1–109 in Aristotle, Volume 1, Loeb Classical Library。London: William Heinemann，1938.
Aristotle, "On Interpretation," Harold P. Cooke (trans.), pp. 111–179 in Aristotle, Volume 1, Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann, 1938.
Aristotle, "Prior Analytics，" Hugh Tredennick (trans.), pp. 181–531 in Aristotle, Volume 1, Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann, 1938.
Boole, George (1854) An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities, Macmillan。Reprinted 1958 with corrections, New York: Dover Publications。
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy：
- Atkin, Albert (2006) "Peirce's Theory of Signs （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）".
Brent, Joseph (1998), Charles Sanders Peirce: A Life. Revised and enlarged edition, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.
- Burch, Robert (2001) "Charles Sanders Peirce, （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）". Revised, Winter 2005.
Dewey, John (1910) How We Think, Lexington MA: D.C. Heath。Reprinted 1991, Buffalo NY: Prometheus Books.
Haack, Susan (1998) Manifesto of a Passionate Moderate. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.
Houser, Nathan (1989) " The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Peirce Papers, （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）" Fourth Congress of the International Association for Semiotic Studies, Perpignan, France, 1989. Published, pp. 1259–1268 in Signs of Humanity, vol. 3, Michel Balat and Janice Deledalle-Rhodes (eds.), Gérard Deledalle (gen. ed.), Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, Germany, 1992.
Liddell, Henry George，and Scott, Robert (1889) An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Oxford UK: Oxford University Press。Reprinted 1991.
Mac Lane, Saunders (1971) Categories for the Working Mathematician, New York: Springer-Verlag。Second edition, 1998.
Peirce, C.S. (1877) "The Fixation of Belief, （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）" Popular Science Monthly 12: 1–15. Reprinted CP 5.358-387.
Peirce, C.S. (1878) "How to Make Our Ideas Clear, （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）" Popular Science Monthly 12: 286–302. Reprinted CP 5.388-410.
Peirce, C.S. (1899) " F.R.L. (First Rule of Logic), （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）" unpaginated manuscript. Reprinted CP 1.135–140.
Peirce, C.S., "Application of C.S. Peirce to the Executive Committee of the Carnegie Institution, July 15, 1902." Published in Eisele, Carolyn, ed. (1976) "Parts of Carnegie Application (L75)" in The New Elements of Mathematics by Charles S. Peirce, Vol. 4, Mathematical Philosophy. The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton Publishers: 13–73. Eprint version edited by Joseph Ransdell （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
Peirce, C.S. (1992) The Essential Peirce, Selected Philosophical Writings, Vol. 1 (1867–1893), Nathan Houser and Christian Kloesel, eds. Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press.
Peirce, C.S. (1998) The Essential Peirce, Selected Philosophical Writings, Volume 2 (1893–1913), Peirce Edition Project, eds. Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press.
Robin, Richard S. (1967) Annotated Catalogue of the Papers of Charles S. Peirce （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Amherst MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
Taylor, Barry N., ed. (2001) The International System of Units, NIST Special Publication 330 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Washington DC: Superintendent of Documents.
van Heijenoort, Jean (1967) "Logic as Language and Logic as Calculus," Synthese 17: 324–30.

[Hacking-1] Hacking, Ian (1990), "A Universe of Chance", The Taming of Chance, pp. 200–215, Cambridge U. Pr.

[Stigler78-2] Stigler, Stephen M. Mathematical statistics in the early States. Annals of Statistics. 1978, 6: 239–265 [248] [2015-09-12]. JSTOR 2958876. MR 0483118. doi:10.1214/aos/1176344123. （原始內容存檔於2015-07-20）.

[metr-3] Crease, Robert P. Charles Sanders Peirce and the first absolute measurement standard: In his brilliant but troubled life, Peirce was a pioneer in both metrology and philosophy. Physics Today. 2009, 62 (12): 39–44. doi:10.1063/1.3273015. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-12）.

[psych-4] Cadwallader, Thomas C. Charles S. Peirce (1839-1914): The first American experimental psychologist. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. 1974, 10 (3): 291. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(197407)10:3<291::AID-JHBS2300100304>3.0.CO;2-N.

[econom-5] Wible, James R. (2008), "The Economic Mind of Charles Sanders Peirce （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）", Contemporary Pragmatism, v. 5, n. 2, December, pp. 39-67

[ling-6] Nöth, Winfried (2000), "Charles Sanders Peirce, Pathfinder in Linguistics （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）", Digital Encyclopedia of Charles S. Peirce （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.

[7] Joseph Brent. Charles Sanders Peirce: A Life 2. Indiana University Press. 1998: 18 [2012-09-24]. ISBN 9780253211613. Peirce had strong, though unorthodox, religious convictions. Although he was a communicant in the Episcopal church for most of his life, he expressed contempt for the theologies, metaphysics, and practices of established religions.

[8] Weiss, Paul. Dictionary of American Biography. Arisbe. 1934 [2023-06-12]. （原始內容存檔於2013-11-03）. |article=和|title=只需其一 (幫助)

[9] Webster's Biographical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Springfield, Massachusetts. 1960. 已忽略未知參數|orig-date= (幫助); |article=和|title=只需其一 (幫助)

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