統一俄羅斯

統一俄羅斯
統一俄羅斯; Единая Россия
	統一俄羅斯標誌
主席	德米特里·阿納托利耶維奇·梅德韋傑夫
創始人	謝爾蓋·紹伊古、尤里·米哈伊洛維奇·盧日科夫、明季梅爾·沙里波維奇·沙伊米耶夫
成立	2001年12月1日
合併自	團結; 祖國－全俄羅斯; 我們的家－俄羅斯（英語：Our Home – Russia）
青年組織	統一俄羅斯青年衛隊
黨員	2,073,772
意識形態	國家主義; 俄羅斯民族主義; 普京主義; 民族保守主義; 社會保守主義; 實用主義; 社團主義
政治立場	極右翼
國內組織	全俄人民陣線
歐洲組織	無
國際組織	中間派民主國際（觀察員）
官方色彩	白色、藍色和紅色
聯邦委員會	142 / 170 （84%）
國家杜馬	324 / 450 （72%）
地區議會	2,849 / 3,980 （72%）
官方網站
	er.ru
	俄羅斯政治; 政黨 · 選舉 ^ a: 統一俄羅斯黨沒有統一的政治立場，; 但該黨被各種消息來源描述為中間派、; 中間偏右或右翼的政黨雖然統一俄羅斯不被認為是極右翼政黨，; 但它對西歐極右翼政黨的支持存在爭議。

統一俄羅斯（俄語：Единая Россия，羅馬化：Yedinaya Rossiya）是俄羅斯目前的執政黨。它成立於2001年4月，主要是由尤里·米哈伊洛維奇·盧日科夫、葉夫根尼·馬克西莫維奇·普里馬科夫和明季梅爾·沙里波維奇·沙伊米耶夫領導的「祖國－全俄羅斯」聯盟與謝爾蓋·庫茹蓋托維奇·紹伊古、亞歷山大·古洛夫和運動員出身亞歷山大·卡列林為首的「團結」黨合併而成。俄羅斯總統普京曾任該黨主席，之後仍與其關係緊密。現今該黨主席為俄羅斯聯邦安全會議副主席梅德韋傑夫。

俄羅斯反對派稱該黨為「騙子與小偷黨」，該詞由阿列克謝·納瓦爾尼於2011年首創。

歷史沿革[編輯]

統一俄羅斯黨在俄羅斯算是比較新的政黨，但因為普京的高人氣，使其在地方與聯邦選舉中有很好的成果。在2003年俄羅斯議會選舉之中，該黨得到37%的支持率。2005年1月，該黨擁有全議會450席中的305席，達到了「憲法多數」。統一俄羅斯黨也在俄羅斯聯邦委員會（上議院）中178個代表中擁有88名代表席次。在2004年總統選舉，統一俄羅斯黨支持普京，並有助於他的勝利。

普京政府任職的部長、許多地區的首長以及其他在整個俄羅斯聯邦政府高級官員都是該黨的黨員。根據官方網站宣稱^[17]，到2007年7月20日時已經有1,530,000名黨員。根據統一俄羅斯黨自己在2005年9月20日登記的資料，那個時候該黨在全俄羅斯就有2,600個地方黨部與29,856個小辦事處。

2007年俄羅斯國家杜馬選舉中該黨被指控多次進行俄羅斯憲法所禁止、違反選舉法的選舉犯罪活動^[18]。2011年國家杜馬選舉中該黨取得238個席次。2016年國家杜馬選舉中該黨取得343個席次。2021年俄羅斯國家杜馬選舉該黨取得324個席次。

選舉結果[編輯]

總統[編輯]

選舉年	參選人	首輪		次輪
選舉年	參選人	得票	得票率	得票	得票率
2004	弗拉迪米爾·普京	49,565,238	71.3%（當選）
2008	德米特里·梅德韋傑夫	52,530,712	71.2%（當選）
2012	弗拉迪米爾·普京	46,602,075	63.6%（當選）
2018	弗拉迪米爾·普京	56,430,712	77.53%（當選）
2024	弗拉迪米爾·普京	76,277,708	88.48%（當選）

國家杜馬[編輯]

年	得票	得票率	議席
2003	22,779,279	37.6%	225 / 450
2007	44,714,241	64.3%	315 / 450
2011^[19]	32,448,000	49.3%	238 / 450
2016	28,271,600	54.1%	343 / 450
2021	28,064,258	49.85%	324 / 450

歷代領袖[編輯]

黨主席	就職時間
黨首集體領導	2001年10月1日－2005年4月15日
鮑里斯·格雷茲洛夫	2005年4月15日－2007年12月31日
弗拉迪米爾·普京	2007年12月31日－2012年5月30日
德米特里·梅德韋傑夫	2012年5月30日－

參考文獻[編輯]

^ 存档副本. [2017-06-02]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-25）.
^ Chen, Cheng. The Return of Ideology: The Search for Regime Identities in Postcommunist Russia and China. University of Michigan Press. 2016: 87 [2017-10-30]. ISBN 978-0-472-11993-6. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-27）.
^ Laruelle, Marlène. Nationalism as Conservative Centrism: United Russia. In the Name of the Nation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2009: 119–152. ISBN 978-1-349-38117-3. doi:10.1057/9780230101234_5.
^ Sakwa, Richard. Power and Policy in Putin's Russia. Routledge. 2013: 7 [2017-10-14]. ISBN 978-1-317-98994-3. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-27）.
^ de Vogel, Sasha. New Russian "Patriots". The Institute of Modern Russia. 2012-10-25 [2017-05-26]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-05）.
^ Chaisty, Paul; Whitefield, Stephen. Putin's Nationalism Problem. E-International Relations. 2015-04-20. .
^ Is 'National Conservatism' the New Ideology of the Russian People?. Diena. 2008-12-05 [2018-01-11]. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-22）.
^ Lansford, Tom. Political Handbook of the World 2015. CQR Press. 2014. United Russia ... espouses 「social conservatism」
^ Путин, ОНФ и корпоративное государство. [2022-05-04]. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-08）.
^ "Единая Россия" вступила в Центристский демократический интернационал. [2021-10-02]. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-02）.
^ «Единая Россия» отвергает все формы социального, экономического популизма, национализма и радикализма. Народная программа «Единой России». [2021-11-26]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-26）.
White, Stephen. Graeme Gill; James Young , 編. Public opinion and voting behaviour. Routledge Handbook of Russian Politics and Society (Routledge). 2012: 359.
^ Coalson, Robert. Russia: Kremlin Labors To Get "A Just Russia" Into The Next Duma. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2007-09-05 [2021-11-26]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-26）.
^ Gönen, Selim. Uncertainty looms as Putin carves the future of troubled Russia. Daily Sabah. 2020-01-17 [2020-01-22]. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-18）. Meanwhile, the State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, is currently dominated by members of the current ruling right-wing political party United Russia.
Paulo Vicente Alves. Emerging Markets Report 1st. AVEC Editora. 2014 [2018-03-27]. ISBN 9788567901053. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-26）. Here are the two main parties, the "Right-Wing" United Russia and the "Statist" CPRF (Communist Party). United Russia was created in 2001 from the union of the Unity and Fatherland parties. Their "Right-Wing" position in the frontier of "Leftist" groups shows how hard it is to define United Russia but it is definitely trying to move Russia toward capitalism with stability.
^ SELIM GÖNEN. Uncertainty looms as Putin carves the future of troubled Russia. Daily Sabah. 2020-01-17 [2020-01-22]. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-18）. Meanwhile, the State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, is currently dominated by members of the current ruling right-wing political party United Russia.
^ Finn, Peter. Kremlin-Backed Opposition Party Foundering as Elections Loom. The Washington Post. 2007-10-26 [2018-03-27]. （原始內容存檔於2018-03-27）. 'As of today, we are truly an opposition party,' Mironov told reporters the day after Putin informed a United Russia congress that he would lead the party at the polls. 'And the president's support consists only of this: He agrees that Russia needs not only the right-wing United Russia but also a powerful socialist or social democratic party. And we don't need any more from him. The rest we'll do ourselves, relying on the support of our voters.'
Borisov, Sergey. United Russia 'determined itself as a right-wing party'. RT. 2009-11-23 [2018-03-27]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-29）. Having called themselves "conservatives," the members of United Russia "have simply determined their place" as a right-wing party, political scientist Dmitry Travin said. That means that they are "politicians who defend values of the market economy based on national traditions," Rosbalt news agency quoted him as saying.
Paulo Vicente Alves. Emerging Markets Report 1st. AVEC Editora. 2014 [2018-03-27]. ISBN 9788567901053. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-27）. Here are the two main parties, the "Right-Wing" United Russia and the "Statist" CPRF (Communist Party). United Russia was created in 2001 from the union of the Unity and Fatherland parties. Their "Right-Wing" position in the frontier of "Leftist" groups shows how hard it is to define United Russia but it is definitely trying to move Russia toward capitalism with stability.
^ Mitchell A. Orenstein (編). The Lands in Between: Russia vs. the West and the New Politics of Hybrid War. Oxford University Press. 2019: 141.
F. Stephen Larrabee; Stephanie Pezard; Andrew Radin; Nathan Chandler; Keith Crane; Thomas S. Szayna (編). Russia and the West After the Ukrainian Crisis: European Vulnerabilities to Russian Pressures. Rand Corporation. 2014: 55 [2022-05-03]. ISBN 9780833094094. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-28）.
Anton Shekhovtsov (編). Russia and the Western Far Right: Tango Noir. Routledge. 2017: 44.
^ （俄文）http://www.er.ru/news.html?rid=298 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2007-04-09.
^ （英文）http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/02/europe/EU-POL-Russia-Election-Violations.php （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
^ United Russia to have 238 seats at new State Duma （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. itar-tass.com (2011-12-06)

外部連結[編輯]

[1] 存档副本. [2017-06-02]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-25）.

[2] Chen, Cheng. The Return of Ideology: The Search for Regime Identities in Postcommunist Russia and China. University of Michigan Press. 2016: 87 [2017-10-30]. ISBN 978-0-472-11993-6. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-27）.

[Laruelle2009-3] Laruelle, Marlène. Nationalism as Conservative Centrism: United Russia. In the Name of the Nation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2009: 119–152. ISBN 978-1-349-38117-3. doi:10.1057/9780230101234_5.

[Sakwa2013-4] Sakwa, Richard. Power and Policy in Putin's Russia. Routledge. 2013: 7 [2017-10-14]. ISBN 978-1-317-98994-3. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-27）.

[5] Vogel, Sasha. New Russian "Patriots". The Institute of Modern Russia. 2012-10-25 [2017-05-26]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-05）.

[6] Chaisty, Paul; Whitefield, Stephen. Putin's Nationalism Problem. E-International Relations. 2015-04-20. .

[7] Is 'National Conservatism' the New Ideology of the Russian People?. Diena. 2008-12-05 [2018-01-11]. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-22）.

[8] Lansford, Tom. Political Handbook of the World 2015. CQR Press. 2014. United Russia ... espouses 「social conservatism」

[9] Путин, ОНФ и корпоративное государство. [2022-05-04]. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-08）.

[10] "Единая Россия" вступила в Центристский демократический интернационал. [2021-10-02]. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-02）.

[11] «Единая Россия» отвергает все формы социального, экономического популизма, национализма и радикализма. Народная программа «Единой России». [2021-11-26]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-26）.
White, Stephen. Graeme Gill; James Young , 編. Public opinion and voting behaviour. Routledge Handbook of Russian Politics and Society (Routledge). 2012: 359.

[12] Coalson, Robert. Russia: Kremlin Labors To Get "A Just Russia" Into The Next Duma. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2007-09-05 [2021-11-26]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-26）.

[13] Gönen, Selim. Uncertainty looms as Putin carves the future of troubled Russia. Daily Sabah. 2020-01-17 [2020-01-22]. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-18）. Meanwhile, the State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, is currently dominated by members of the current ruling right-wing political party United Russia.
Paulo Vicente Alves. Emerging Markets Report 1st. AVEC Editora. 2014 [2018-03-27]. ISBN 9788567901053. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-26）. Here are the two main parties, the "Right-Wing" United Russia and the "Statist" CPRF (Communist Party). United Russia was created in 2001 from the union of the Unity and Fatherland parties. Their "Right-Wing" position in the frontier of "Leftist" groups shows how hard it is to define United Russia but it is definitely trying to move Russia toward capitalism with stability.

[14] SELIM GÖNEN. Uncertainty looms as Putin carves the future of troubled Russia. Daily Sabah. 2020-01-17 [2020-01-22]. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-18）. Meanwhile, the State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, is currently dominated by members of the current ruling right-wing political party United Russia.

[Position_1-15] Finn, Peter. Kremlin-Backed Opposition Party Foundering as Elections Loom. The Washington Post. 2007-10-26 [2018-03-27]. （原始內容存檔於2018-03-27）. 'As of today, we are truly an opposition party,' Mironov told reporters the day after Putin informed a United Russia congress that he would lead the party at the polls. 'And the president's support consists only of this: He agrees that Russia needs not only the right-wing United Russia but also a powerful socialist or social democratic party. And we don't need any more from him. The rest we'll do ourselves, relying on the support of our voters.'
Borisov, Sergey. United Russia 'determined itself as a right-wing party'. RT. 2009-11-23 [2018-03-27]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-29）. Having called themselves "conservatives," the members of United Russia "have simply determined their place" as a right-wing party, political scientist Dmitry Travin said. That means that they are "politicians who defend values of the market economy based on national traditions," Rosbalt news agency quoted him as saying.
Paulo Vicente Alves. Emerging Markets Report 1st. AVEC Editora. 2014 [2018-03-27]. ISBN 9788567901053. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-27）. Here are the two main parties, the "Right-Wing" United Russia and the "Statist" CPRF (Communist Party). United Russia was created in 2001 from the union of the Unity and Fatherland parties. Their "Right-Wing" position in the frontier of "Leftist" groups shows how hard it is to define United Russia but it is definitely trying to move Russia toward capitalism with stability.

[16] Mitchell A. Orenstein (編). The Lands in Between: Russia vs. the West and the New Politics of Hybrid War. Oxford University Press. 2019: 141.
F. Stephen Larrabee; Stephanie Pezard; Andrew Radin; Nathan Chandler; Keith Crane; Thomas S. Szayna (編). Russia and the West After the Ukrainian Crisis: European Vulnerabilities to Russian Pressures. Rand Corporation. 2014: 55 [2022-05-03]. ISBN 9780833094094. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-28）.
Anton Shekhovtsov (編). Russia and the Western Far Right: Tango Noir. Routledge. 2017: 44.

[17] （俄文）http://www.er.ru/news.html?rid=298 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2007-04-09.

[18] （英文）http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/02/europe/EU-POL-Russia-Election-Violations.php （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[19] United Russia to have 238 seats at new State Duma （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. itar-tass.com (2011-12-06)

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