西喜馬拉雅語支

西喜馬拉雅語支，也稱阿爾莫拉語支或金瑙爾語支，是漢藏語系下一支語言，位於喜馬偕爾邦、北阿坎德邦和尼泊爾境內。LaPolla (2003)假定西喜馬拉雅語支語言屬於更大的「戎語支」。

語言[編輯]

金瑙爾語組
- 奇庫爾金瑙爾語
- 金瑙爾語
- Thebor: Sunam、Jangshung、Shumcho
拉豪爾語組：Pattani (Manchad)、蒂南語
布南語
Kanashi
Rongpo–阿爾莫拉語組
- Rongpo
- 阿爾莫拉語組：Darmiya、Byangsi、Dhuleli、Chaudangsi、Rangas (20世紀早期滅絕)、[[象雄語]]

象雄語是苯教的神聖語言，分佈在喜馬拉雅山脈北麓，在藏語擴張至此之前橫貫西藏西部。詹姆斯·馬提索夫 (2001)^[2]^:155-180給出了象雄語屬於西喜馬拉雅語支的詞彙和音系證據。

Widmer (2014:47)^[3]^:33-56的西喜馬拉雅語支分類如下。最近新發現的Dhuleli在Regmi & Prasain (2017)中加入。^[4]

西部語群
- 拉豪爾語組：Manchad、蒂南語
- 金瑙爾語組：Kanashi、下金瑙爾語、標準金瑙爾語、奇庫爾金瑙爾語、Jangrami、Shumcho
東部語群
- 中部語組：布南語、Sunnami、Rongpo; possibly 象雄語
- 阿爾莫拉語組：Rangas、Darmiya、Byangsi、Dhuleli、Chaudangsi

Widmer (2014:53-56)^[3]還將象雄語劃入西喜馬拉雅語支東部語群，並注意到它出現得和中部語組的語言(布南語、Sunnami和Rongpo)特別近。

Widmer (2017)^[5]注意到青藏高原西部許多藏語方言都曾被西喜馬拉雅語支語言影響過。

Widmer (2017)^[5]給出下列東部和西部西喜馬拉雅語支語言的詞彙對應。

Widmer (2014:53-56)^[3]將象雄語劃入西喜馬拉雅語支東部語群，並列出了象雄語和原始西喜馬拉雅語的同源詞。

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). West Himalayish. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
^ Matisoff, James. 2001. "The interest of Zhangzhung for comparative Tibeto-Burman." In New Research on Zhangzhung and Related Himalayan Languages (Bon Studies 3). Senri Ethnological Studies no. 19. 大阪: 國立民族學博物館. doi:10.15021/00002145
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Widmer, Manuel. 2014. "A tentative classification of West Himalayish." In A descriptive grammar of Bunan. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Bern.
^ Regmi, Dan Raj; Prasain, Balaram. 2017. A sociolinguistic survey of Dhuleli. Linguistic Survey of Nepal (LinSuN), Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Widmer, Manuel. 2017. The linguistic prehistory of the western Himalayas: endangered minority languages as a window to the past （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Presented at Panel on Endangered Languages and Historical Linguistics, 23rd International Conference on Historical Linguistics (ICHL 23), San Antonio, Texas.

George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill.
LaPolla, Randy. 2001. The Tibeto-Burman Languages of Uttar Pradesh （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
Widmer, Manuel. 2017. The linguistic prehistory of the western Himalayas: endangered minority languages as a window to the past （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Presented at Panel on Endangered Languages and Historical Linguistics, 23rd International Conference on Historical Linguistics (ICHL 23), San Antonio, Texas.
Widmer, Manuel. 2018. The linguistic prehistory of the western Himalayas. Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (2018). Kyoto: Kyoto University.