釙的同位素
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釙有42個已知的同位素,都具有放射性,目前已觀測到的釙同位素質量數在186到227之間,其中有9個屬於痕量存在的天然放射性核素,當中以210
Po
最為穩定。至於比210
Po
更加穩定的209
Po
和208
Po
只能在回旋加速器中人工轟擊而成。
圖表[編輯]
符號 | 歷史 名稱 |
Z( p ) [1][2] |
N( n ) [1][2] |
同位素質量(u) [3] |
半衰期 [3][4][5] |
衰變 方式 [6][n 1] |
衰變 產物 [n 2] |
原子核 自旋 [3][4][5] |
相對豐度 (莫耳分率) |
相對豐度 的變化量 (莫耳分率) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
激發能量 | ||||||||||
188Po | 84 | 104 | 187.999422(21) | 430(180) µs [0.40(+20−15) ms] |
0+ | |||||
189Po | 84 | 105 | 188.998481(24) | 5(1) ms | 3/2−# | |||||
190Po | 84 | 106 | 189.995101(14) | 2.46(5) ms | α (99.9%) | 186Pb | 0+ | |||
β+ (.1%) | 190Bi | |||||||||
191Po | 84 | 107 | 190.994574(12) | 22(1) ms | α | 187Pb | 3/2−# | |||
β+ (不常見) | 191Bi | |||||||||
191mPo | 130(21) keV | 93(3) ms | (13/2+) | |||||||
192Po | 84 | 108 | 191.991335(13) | 32.2(3) ms | α (99%) | 188Pb | 0+ | |||
β+ (1%) | 192Bi | |||||||||
192mPo | 2600(500)# keV | ~1 µs | 12+# | |||||||
193Po | 84 | 109 | 192.99103(4) | 420(40) ms [370(+46−40) ms] |
α | 189Pb | 3/2−# | |||
β+ (不常見) | 193Bi | |||||||||
193mPo | 100(30)# keV | 240(10) ms [243(+11−10) ms] |
α | 189Pb | (13/2+) | |||||
β+ (不常見) | 193Bi | |||||||||
194Po | 84 | 110 | 193.988186(13) | 0.392(4) s | α | 190Pb | 0+ | |||
β+ (不常見) | 194Bi | |||||||||
194mPo | 2525(2) keV | 15(2) µs | (11−) | |||||||
195Po | 84 | 111 | 194.98811(4) | 4.64(9) s | α (75%) | 191Pb | 3/2−# | |||
β+ (25%) | 195Bi | |||||||||
195mPo | 110(50) keV | 1.92(2) s | α (90%) | 191Pb | 13/2+# | |||||
β+ (10%) | 195Bi | |||||||||
IT (.01%) | 195Po | |||||||||
196Po | 84 | 112 | 195.985535(14) | 5.56(12) s | α (94%) | 192Pb | 0+ | |||
β+ (6%) | 196Bi | |||||||||
196mPo | 2490.5(17) keV | 850(90) ns | (11−) | |||||||
197Po | 84 | 113 | 196.98566(5) | 53.6(10) s | β+ (54%) | 197Bi | (3/2−) | |||
α (44%) | 193Pb | |||||||||
197mPo | 230(80)# keV | 25.8(1) s | α (84%) | 193Pb | (13/2+) | |||||
β+ (16%) | 197Bi | |||||||||
IT (.01%) | 197Po | |||||||||
198Po | 84 | 114 | 197.983389(19) | 1.77(3) min | α (57%) | 194Pb | 0+ | |||
β+ (43%) | 198Bi | |||||||||
198m1Po | 2565.92(20) keV | 200(20) ns | 11− | |||||||
198m2Po | 2691.86(20) keV | 750(50) ns | 12+ | |||||||
199Po | 84 | 115 | 198.983666(25) | 5.48(16) min | β+ (92.5%) | 199Bi | (3/2−) | |||
α (7.5%) | 195Pb | |||||||||
199mPo | 312.0(28) keV | 4.17(4) min | β+ (73.5%) | 199Bi | 13/2+ | |||||
α (24%) | 195Pb | |||||||||
IT (2.5%) | 199Po | |||||||||
200Po | 84 | 116 | 199.981799(15) | 11.5(1) min | β+ (88.8%) | 200Bi | 0+ | |||
α (11.1%) | 196Pb | |||||||||
201Po | 84 | 117 | 200.982260(6) | 15.3(2) min | β+ (98.4%) | 201Bi | 3/2− | |||
α (1.6%) | 197Pb | |||||||||
201mPo | 424.1(24) keV | 8.9(2) min | IT (56%) | 201Po | 13/2+ | |||||
ε (41%) | 201Bi | |||||||||
α (2.9%) | 197Pb | |||||||||
202Po | 84 | 118 | 201.980758(16) | 44.7(5) min | β+ (98%) | 202Bi | 0+ | |||
α (2%) | 198Pb | |||||||||
202mPo | 2626.7(7) keV | >200 ns | 11− | |||||||
203Po | 84 | 119 | 202.981420(28) | 36.7(5) min | β+ (99.89%) | 203Bi | 5/2− | |||
α (.11%) | 199Pb | |||||||||
203m1Po | 641.49(17) keV | 45(2) s | IT (99.96%) | 203Po | 13/2+ | |||||
α (.04%) | 199Pb | |||||||||
203m2Po | 2158.5(6) keV | >200 ns | ||||||||
204Po | 84 | 120 | 203.980318(12) | 3.53(2) h | β+ (99.33%) | 204Bi | 0+ | |||
α (.66%) | 200Pb | |||||||||
205Po | 84 | 121 | 204.981203(21) | 1.66(2) h | β+ (99.96%) | 205Bi | 5/2− | |||
α (.04%) | 201Pb | |||||||||
205m1Po | 143.166(17) keV | 310(60) ns | 1/2− | |||||||
205m2Po | 880.30(4) keV | 645 µs | 13/2+ | |||||||
205m3Po | 1461.21(21) keV | 57.4(9) ms | IT | 205Po | 19/2− | |||||
205m4Po | 3087.2(4) keV | 115(10) ns | 29/2− | |||||||
206Po | 84 | 122 | 205.980481(9) | 8.8(1) d | β+ (94.55%) | 206Bi | 0+ | |||
α (5.45%) | 202Pb | |||||||||
206m1Po | 1585.85(11) keV | 222(10) ns | (8+)# | |||||||
206m2Po | 2262.22(14) keV | 1.05(6) µs | (9−)# | |||||||
207Po | 84 | 123 | 206.981593(7) | 5.80(2) h | β+ (99.97%) | 207Bi | 5/2− | |||
α (.021%) | 203Pb | |||||||||
207m1Po | 68.573(14) keV | 205(10) ns | 1/2− | |||||||
207m2Po | 1115.073(16) keV | 49(4) µs | 13/2+ | |||||||
207m3Po | 1383.15(6) keV | 2.79(8) s | IT | 207Po | 19/2− | |||||
208Po | 84 | 124 | 207.9812457(19) | 2.898(2) y | α (99.99%) | 204Pb | 0+ | |||
β+ (.00277%) | 208Bi | |||||||||
209Po | 84 | 125 | 208.9824304(20) | 124(3) y[7] | α (99.546%) | 205Pb | 1/2− | |||
β+ (0.454%) | 209Bi | |||||||||
210Po | Radium F | 84 | 126 | 209.9828737(13) | 138.376(2) d | α | 206Pb | 0+ | 痕量[n 3] | |
210mPo | 5057.61(4) keV | 263(5) ns | 16+ | |||||||
211Po | Actinium C' | 84 | 127 | 210.9866532(14) | 0.516(3) s | α | 207Pb | 9/2+ | 痕量[n 4] | |
211m1Po | 1462(5) keV | 25.2(6) s | α (99.98%) | 207Pb | (25/2+) | |||||
IT (.016%) | 211Po | |||||||||
211m2Po | 2135.7(9) keV | 243(21) ns | (31/2−) | |||||||
211m3Po | 4873.3(17) keV | 2.8(7) µs | (43/2+) | |||||||
212Po | Thorium C' | 84 | 128 | 211.9888680(13) | 299(2) ns | α | 208Pb | 0+ | 痕量[n 5] | |
212mPo | 2911(12) keV | 45.1(6) s | α (99.93%) | 208Pb | (18+) | |||||
IT (.07%) | 212Po | |||||||||
213Po | 84 | 129 | 212.992857(3) | 3.65(4) µs | α | 209Pb | 9/2+ | 痕量[n 6] | ||
214Po | Radium C' | 84 | 130 | 213.9952014(16) | 164.3(20) µs | α | 210Pb | 0+ | 痕量[n 3] | |
215Po | Actinium A | 84 | 131 | 214.9994200(27) | 1.781(4) ms | α (99.99%) | 211Pb | 9/2+ | 痕量[n 4] | |
β− (2.3×10−4%) | 215At | |||||||||
216Po | Thorium A | 84 | 132 | 216.0019150(24) | 0.145(2) s | α | 212Pb | 0+ | 痕量[n 5] | |
217Po | 84 | 133 | 217.006335(7) | 1.47(5) s | α (95%) | 213Pb | 5/2+# | |||
β− (5%) | 217At | |||||||||
218Po | Radium A | 84 | 134 | 218.0089730(26) | 3.10(1) min | α (99.98%) | 214Pb | 0+ | 痕量[n 3] | |
β− (.02%) | 218At | |||||||||
219Po | 84 | 135 | 219.01361(16) | 10.3(1) min | α (28.2%) | 215Pb | 9/2+# | |||
β− (71.8%) | 219At | |||||||||
220Po | 84 | 136 | 220.0164(18) | 40# s [>300 ns] |
β− | 220At | 0+ | |||
221Po | 84 | 137 | 221.02123(20) | 2.2(0.7) min | β− | 221At | 9/2+# | |||
222Po | 84 | 138 | 222.024144(40) | 9.1(7.2) min | β− | 222At | 0+ |
備註:畫上#號的數據代表沒有經過實驗的證明,只是理論推測而已,而用括號括起來的代表數據不確定性。
← | 同位素列表 | → |
鉍的同位素 | 釙的同位素 | 砈的同位素 |
註釋[編輯]
- ^ 縮寫:
EC:電子捕獲
IT:核異構轉變 - ^ 穩定同位素以粗體顯示,幾乎穩定(半衰期超過宇宙年齡)的同位素以粗斜體顯示
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 238U的衰變產物
- ^ 4.0 4.1 235U的衰變產物
- ^ 5.0 5.1 232Th的衰變產物
- ^ 237Np的衰變產物
參考文獻[編輯]
- ^ 1.0 1.1 J. R. de Laeter; J. K. Böhlke; P. De Bièvre; H. Hidaka; H. S. Peiser; K. J. R. Rosman; P. D. P. Taylor. Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2003, 75 (6): 683–800 [2015-10-08]. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683. (原始內容存檔於2018-07-01).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 M. E. Wieser. Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2006, 78 (11): 2051–2066 [2015-10-08]. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. (原始內容存檔於2017-07-09). 簡明摘要.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon. The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 2003, 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-09-23).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 National Nuclear Data Center. NuDat 2.1 database. Brookhaven National Laboratory. [September 2005]. (原始內容存檔於2019-05-13).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 N. E. Holden. Table of the Isotopes. D. R. Lide (編). [[:化學和物理的CRC手冊|CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics]] 85th. CRC Press. 2004: 11-50. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9. 網址-維基內鏈衝突 (幫助)
- ^ Universal Nuclide Chart. nucleonica. [2015-10-08]. (原始內容存檔於2017-02-19).
- ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 2021, 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report) (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 683-800, (2003) and Atomic Weights Revised (2005) (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館).
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
- Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3-128 (2003).
- National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the NuDat 2.1 database (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) (retrieved Sept. 2005).
- David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.
元素與同位素的穩定度 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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