外貌吸引力

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外貌吸引力，或称外表吸引力、体征美、身体吸引力等，是一个人的身体特征（或外貌）被认为令人愉悦或美丽。该术语通常暗示性吸引力等，但也可以指涉其他方面。有很多因素会影响一个人对另一个人的吸引力，身体方面就是其中之一，这在不同文化的族群中普遍存在，例如面部对称性（英语：Facial symmetry）[1]、社会文化相关属性和特定个体独有的个人偏好。[2]

在许多情况下，人类下意识地将积极的特征，如智力和诚实，与外表有吸引力的人联系起来。[3] 在美国和英国的研究发现，男性的智力和外表吸引力之间的关联比女性更强。[4] 演化心理学者试图回答为什么身体上更有吸引力的人平均也应该更聪明，并提出了一般智力和身体吸引力都可能是潜在适应度的概念。[4] 一个人的身体特征可以发出生育能力和健康状态的信号[5][6]，统计模型研究表明，反映生理健康方面的面部形状变量，包括身体脂肪和血压，也会影响观察者对健康的看法。[7] 关注这些因素会增加繁殖成功率，进一步提高一个人的基因在人群中的代表性。[8]

平均而言，异性恋男性往往会被外表年轻且具有对称面孔[9]、丰满乳房和低腰臀比等特征的女性所吸引。[10][11] 平均而言，异性恋女性经常会被身高比自己高的男性所吸引，这些男性表现出高度的面部对称性、男性化的面部异形、上半身力量、宽肩、相对较窄的腰部和 V 形躯干。[12][13][14][15]

参考文献[编辑]

  1. ^ Grammer K, Thornhill R. Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness and sexual selection: the role of symmetry and averageness. Journal of Comparative Psychology. October 1994, 108 (3): 233–42 [4 May 2019]. PMID 7924253. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.108.3.233. 
  2. ^ Zeigler-Hill V, L M Welling L, Shackelford TK. Evolutionary Perspectives on Social Psychology. United States: Springer Science+Business Media. 2015: 329. ISBN 978-3-319-12697-5. ...why, despite broad agreement, we see a wide variety of personal preferences. 
  3. ^ Dion K, Berscheid E, Walster E. What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. December 1972, 24 (3): 285–90. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.521.9955 可免费查阅. PMID 4655540. doi:10.1037/h0033731. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Kanazawa S. Intelligence and physical attractiveness. Intelligence. 2011, 39 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2010.11.003. 
  5. ^ Stephen ID, Tan KW. Healthy body, healthy face? Evolutionary approaches to health perception.. Sheppard E, Haque S (编). Culture and Cognition: A Collection of Critical Essays.. Peter Lang International Publishers. 2015. 
  6. ^ Brown WM, Price ME, Kang J, Pound N, Zhao Y, Yu H. Fluctuating asymmetry and preferences for sex-typical bodily characteristics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. September 2008, 105 (35): 12938–43. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10512938B. PMC 2529114 可免费查阅. PMID 18711125. doi:10.1073/pnas.0710420105 可免费查阅. 
  7. ^ Stephen ID, Hiew V, Coetzee V, Tiddeman BP, Perrett DI. Facial Shape Analysis Identifies Valid Cues to Aspects of Physiological Health in Caucasian, Asian, and African Populations. Frontiers in Psychology. 2017, 8: 1883. PMC 5670498 可免费查阅. PMID 29163270. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01883 可免费查阅 （英语）. 
  8. ^ Barelds-Dijkstra P, Barelds DP. Positive illusions about one's partner's physical attractiveness. Body Image. March 2008, 5 (1): 99–108. PMID 18405868. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.07.004. 
  9. ^ Briscoe J. Haven't I seen you somewhere before?. The Guardian (London). January 17, 2004 [July 15, 2011]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-19）. Evolutionary psychologists claim there is an underlying standard script for beauty – a foundation for what we find appealing that transcends culture and ethnicity. There are various absolutes. For instance, to judge someone beautiful, the eye requires symmetry 
  10. ^ Fisher, Maryanne L. The Oxford Handbook of Women and Competition. Oxford University Press. 2017: 603 [2021-12-20]. ISBN 978-0-19-937639-1. （原始内容存档于2022-04-19） （英语）. 
  11. ^ Nettle D. Women's height, reproductive success and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in modern humans (PDF). Proceedings. Biological Sciences. September 2002, 269 (1503): 1919–23 [2021-12-06]. PMC 1691114 可免费查阅. PMID 12350254. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2111. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2008-12-30）. 
  12. ^ Glassenberg AN, Feinberg DR, Jones BC, Little AC, Debruine LM. Sex-dimorphic face shape preference in heterosexual and homosexual men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior. December 2010, 39 (6): 1289–96. PMID 19830539. S2CID 25066289. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9559-6. 
  13. ^ Perrett DI, Lee KJ, Penton-Voak I, Rowland D, Yoshikawa S, Burt DM, Henzi SP, Castles DL, Akamatsu S. Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness. Nature. August 1998, 394 (6696): 884–87. Bibcode:1998Natur.394..884P. PMID 9732869. S2CID 204999982. doi:10.1038/29772. 
  14. ^ Sell A, Lukazsweski AW, Townsley M. Cues of upper body strength account for most of the variance in men's bodily attractiveness. Proceedings. Biological Sciences. December 2017, 284 (1869): 20171819. PMC 5745404 可免费查阅. PMID 29237852. doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.1819. 
  15. ^ Mautz BS, Wong BB, Peters RA, Jennions MD. Penis size interacts with body shape and height to influence male attractiveness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. April 2013, 110 (17): 6925–30. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.6925M. PMC 3637716 可免费查阅. PMID 23569234. doi:10.1073/pnas.1219361110 可免费查阅. 
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