直布罗陀历史

从西班牙边界线看直布罗陀北面的风光(1782)

直布罗陀在伊比利亚半岛南端的位置

直布罗陀半岛是伊比利亚半岛最南端地中海沿岸的小半岛，有2900年的有人居住的历史。

地理背景

直布罗陀海峡的注释卫星视图

直布罗陀的历史已带动其靠近地中海的入口的战略地位。这是一个狭长的半岛的东侧直布罗陀湾 6千米（4英里）从城市阿尔赫西拉斯。直布罗陀位于西班牙最南部海岸的地中海最窄点之一，从海岸仅24公里（15英里）摩洛哥北非。它在海湾地位使其成为优越的自然锚地的船舶。正如一位作家所言，“谁掌控了直布罗陀就掌握了船只进出地中海的动向，以军事和海权观点来说，很少地方具有比直布罗陀更战略性的位置。

领土方面的措施只有6.7平方公里（2.6平方英里）。大部分的土地面积是由直布罗陀的陡峭岩石它达到426米（1398英尺）高度占据。直布罗陀的小镇坐落在岩石上的半岛西侧的基础。窄，地势低洼的地峡连接半岛的西班牙本土。北工作面矿是一个近乎垂直的山崖396米（1299英尺）高，俯瞰峡部; 唯一的陆路通道镇是通过沿海地带约350米（1150英尺）宽，这是前窄得多的土地复垦从海在20世纪。

因此，直布罗陀的地理位置赋予了它相当自然的防御性优势。这几乎是不可能按比例岩石的东部或北部两侧，它们是垂直或基本如此。在南部，周围的相对平坦的区域欧罗巴点是悬崖峭壁这是长达30米（97英尺）高的包围。西边是唯一可行的区域着陆，但即使在其上镇建设工作提高到一个后卫的优势，陡峭的山坡。这些因素给了它千百年来一个巨大的军事意义。

参考文献

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