福音主义

福音主义（英语：evangelicalism），源自希腊词εὐαγγέλιον（euangelion），意为福音、好消息，是一个在不同的历史时期有不同历史内涵的神学主张。在宗教改革早期，新教人士将自己的教会称为“福音教会”，以示自身尊重《圣经》、有别于天主教会^[1]^[2]，至今主流新教依然使用这一意涵下的“福音主义”一词，例如德国的改革宗、信义宗联合教会德国福音教会与许多称为“福音路德教会”的信义宗教会就并非是现在常说的“福音派”教会。而现代更常说的“（新）福音主义”、“保守福音主义”（new evangelicalism/conservative evangelicalism），一般是指一个肇始于18世纪、成形于二战后的神学运动，^[3]在近代往往同于信仰上的保守主义（与自由主义神学相对），一般拥有四大特点：强调个人归信基督（或曰重生）；积极地表述和传播福音；强调圣经的权威，坚信圣经无错谬；强调与耶稣复活有关的基督教教义。^[4]

定义

福音神学中没有新正统神学里那般清晰的哲学上的知识论传统，却也同样不接受自由主义神学所采纳的那些不利于《圣经》信仰权威的新科学证据，因此同样有反理性主义的倾向，但又不刻意发展神秘主义哲学以对抗理性主义。因此也可以说：福音派神学注重的是基督教在普罗大众中的影响力，并不像新正统神学那样强调与知识分子的对话。

其强调“神爱世人”、基督为世人的罪钉死在十字架上、基督的降生乃至复活便是上帝赐给人类的福音、基督升天前要求门徒将福音传到地极....等新约《圣经》的经节。强调基督徒应热心地传福音，主张“圣经无误论”、“逐字圣灵启示说”，但也没有一致的权威释经文本，多是各自采用“以经解经”的方式，只要不与别处《圣经》抵触的情形之下，允许信徒用个人的经历来解释各别《圣经》章节。

与基要神学

“基要神学”乃是称呼福音神学中最为激烈跟保守的论点。基要神学与福音派神学两个名词若被赋予不同意义时，通常是强调基要神学家已经发展出了严谨的论述体系。福音神学较之则是更大范围的一个通称，只要符合其基本神学要求的主张都可以被归作福音神学──通常，立论松懈甚至提不出论证而仅止于信仰的基要神学主张会被视为“温和的福音神学”。

相左主张

加尔文主义 - 宗教改革时期的神学争议。现在的加尔文宗教派改采修正后的新加尔文主义，原先的歧异现已消弭大半。
自由主义神学 - 内容又有：“历程神学”、“进化论神学”、“概率有神论”与“现代主义神学”....等
新正统神学 - 内容又有：“诠释学神学”、“辩证神学”、“存在主义神学”与“危机神学”....等
灵恩派 - 参阅该条

参考文献

^ Livingstone, Elizabeth A. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 3rd ed. rev. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005: 583. ISBN 0-19-280290-9.
^ Gerstner, John H. The Theological Boundaries of Evangelical Faith. David P. Wells (编). The Evangelicals. John D. Woodbridge. Nashville: Abingdon Press. 1975: 21–36. ISBN 0-687-12181-7. Despite the dominant usage of euangellismos in the New Testament, its derivative, evangelical, was not widely or controversially employed until the Reformation period. Then it came into prominence with Martin Luther precisely because he reasserted Paul's teaching on the euangellismos as the indispensable message of salvation. Its light, he argued, was hidden under a bushel of ecclesiastical authority, tradition, and liturgy. The essence of the saving message for Luther was justification by faith alone, the article by which not only the church stands or falls but each individual as well. Erasmus, Thomas More, and Johannes Eck denigrated those who accepted this view and referred to them as 'evangelicals.'
^ Bebbington, D. W. (2008). Evangelicals in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s, London: Unwin, 1.
^ Eskridge, Larry. Defining Evangelicalism. Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals. 1995 [2008-03-04]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-25）.

参见

[1] Livingstone, Elizabeth A. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 3rd ed. rev. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005: 583. ISBN 0-19-280290-9.

[2] Gerstner, John H. The Theological Boundaries of Evangelical Faith. David P. Wells (编). The Evangelicals. John D. Woodbridge. Nashville: Abingdon Press. 1975: 21–36. ISBN 0-687-12181-7. Despite the dominant usage of euangellismos in the New Testament, its derivative, evangelical, was not widely or controversially employed until the Reformation period. Then it came into prominence with Martin Luther precisely because he reasserted Paul's teaching on the euangellismos as the indispensable message of salvation. Its light, he argued, was hidden under a bushel of ecclesiastical authority, tradition, and liturgy. The essence of the saving message for Luther was justification by faith alone, the article by which not only the church stands or falls but each individual as well. Erasmus, Thomas More, and Johannes Eck denigrated those who accepted this view and referred to them as 'evangelicals.'

[3] Bebbington, D. W. (2008). Evangelicals in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s, London: Unwin, 1.

[4] Eskridge, Larry. Defining Evangelicalism. Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals. 1995 [2008-03-04]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-25）.

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