巨大质量恒星列表
这是一份有关巨大质量恒星的列表,依太阳质量的多寡排列(1太阳质量=太阳的质量而不是太阳系的质量)。
恒星质量是恒星最重要的一个要素。质量加上化学成分能确定一颗恒星的光度、它实际上的大小和它最后的命运。列在表上的恒星,由于它们的质量非常巨大,到最后大多都会爆发成超新星甚至是极超新星,然后形成黑洞。
不确定性和警告
[编辑]表中所列出的恒星质量都是从理论上推测的,依据的是恒星很难测定的温度和绝对星等。所有列出的恒星质量都是不确定的:因为天文学家已经将目前的理论和测量技术发挥到了极限,而无论是理论或观测,只要有一个错误,或是两者都错,结果就会不正确。例如仙王座VV变星,依据这颗恒星特有的产物估算,质量就可能是太阳的25至40倍,或是100倍。
大质量恒星是很罕见的,表中列出的恒星距离都在数千光年以上,它们孤单地存在着,使距离很难测量。除了很远之外,这些质量极端巨大的恒星似乎都被喷发出来的气体云气包围着;周围的气体会遮蔽恒星的光度,使原本就很难测量的光度和温度更难测量,并且也使测量他们内部化学成分变成更加复杂的问题。[1]
另一方面,云气的遮蔽也阻碍了观测,而难以确认是一颗大质量恒星,还是多星系统。下表中必然有一定数量的恒星也许是轨道极近的联星,每一颗恒星的质量必然也不小,但不一定是巨大的质量;这些系统仍然可以二选一的是一颗或多颗大质量恒星,或有许多质量不大的伴星。因此表中许多恒星的质量经常是目前被研究的主题,质量经常被重测,而且经常被校正。[2]
表中列出的质量中,数据最可靠的恒星是HD 97950 A1[3]、WR 21a和WR 20a,因为两者都是联星系统(两颗恒星沿着轨道互绕)。天文学家能够运用开普勒行星运动定律,经由研究它们的轨道运动可以测量出两颗恒星各自的质量。此外,这三者还都是食双星,还可以测量径向速度和光度曲线来测量质量。
恒星演化
[编辑]一定数量的恒星也许已经抛出了比目前估计还要多的质量,但因为这些巨额质量的流失是经由次级的假超新星爆炸事件产生的,因此可能已经抛出了10倍于太阳的质量。也会有一定数量的超新星和极超新星残骸,它们的质量可以依据在爆炸前观测到的前超新星或前极超新星的质量,和超新星或极超新星爆炸时的能量和事件的类型来估计。[4]这种恒星(如果还未爆炸)将很容易出现在这张表中(但是它们也可能不在表中)。
巨大质量的恒星列表
[编辑]沃尔夫-拉叶星 |
高光度蓝变星 |
O型星 |
B型星 |
太阳质量60倍以上的恒星:
恒星名称 | 质量(太阳=1) | 距离(光年) | 视星等 | 有效温度(K) | 估算方法 | 链接 | 参考文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BAT99-98 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 226 | 165000 | 13.38 | 45000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][6] |
R136a1 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 224 | 163000 | 12.28 | 46000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [7][6] |
R136a7 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 199 | 163000 | 13.97 | 49000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][6] |
BAT99-105 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 189 | 163000 | 12.78 | 47300 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
R136a2 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 187 | 163000 | 12.34 | 50000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [7][6] |
VFTS 1022 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 178 | 164000 | 13.47 | 42200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
R136a5 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 171 | 157000 | 13.71 | 47000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][6] |
R136a4 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 167 | 157000 | 13.41 | 48000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][6] |
HSH95-46 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 160 | 163000 | 14.56 | 49000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][6] |
R136a3 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 154 | 163000 | 12.97 | 50000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [7][6] |
VFTS 682 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 153 | 164000 | 16.08 | 52200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [9][6] |
HD 15558 A (位于心脏星云内的IC 1805) | 152 | 24400 | 7.87 | 39500 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [10][11] |
HSH95-36 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 149 | 163000 | 14.41 | 52000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][6] |
BAT99-116 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 147 | 163000 | 13.09 | 53000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [12][6] |
VFTS 482 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 145 | 164000 | 12.95 | 42200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
R136c (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 142 | 163000 | 13.43 | 51000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [13][6] |
VFTS 1021 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 141 | 164000 | 13.35 | 39800 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
LH 10-3209 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1763) | 140 | 160000 | 11.859 | 42500 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][15] |
VFTS 506 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 138 | 164000 | 13.31 | 47300 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [9][6] |
BAT99-116 B (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 136 | 163000 | 13.09 | 53000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [12][6] |
VFTS 545 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 133 | 164000 | 13.32 | 47300 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
HD 97950 B (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) | 132 | 24800 | 11.33 | 42000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [3][16] |
HD 269810 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2029) | 130 | 163000 | 12.22 | 52500 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [17][18] |
HSH95-73 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 127 | 163000 | 15.13 | 33000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
WR 42e (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) | 123 | 25000 | 14.53 | 43000 | 系统弹出 | SIMBAD | [20] |
R136a6 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 121 | 157000 | 13.35 | 53000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][6] |
HD 97950 A1a (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) | 120 | 24800 | 11.18 | 42000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [3][16] |
LSS 4067 (位于HM 1) | 120 | 11000 | 11.44 | 40000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [21][22] |
R136b (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 120 | 163000 | 13.24 | 37000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][6] |
WR 93 (位于NGC 6357内的匹斯密斯24) | 120 | 5900 | 10.68 | 71000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [21][11] |
Sk -69° 212 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) | 119 | 160000 | 12.416 | 45400 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
Sk -69° 249 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2074) | 119 | 160000 | 12.02 | 38900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][24] |
ST5-31 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) | 119 | 160000 | 12.273 | 50700 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][25] |
MSP 183 (位于维斯特卢2) | 115 | 20000 | 13.878 | 46300 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [26][27] |
WR 24 (位于船底座星云的科林德228) | 114 | 14000 | 6.48 | 50100 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [28][29] |
HD 97950 C1 (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) | 113 | 24800 | 11.89 | 44000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [3][16] |
圆拱星团-F9 (位于圆拱星团) | 111.3 | 25000 | 16.1 (J波段) | 36600 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [30][31] |
天鹅座OB2#12 A (位于天鹅座OB2) | 110 | 5200 | 11.702 | 13700 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [32][33] |
HD 93129 Aa (位于船底座星云内的川普勒14) | 110 | 7500 | 6.9 | 42500 | 三星系统 | SIMBAD | [34][11] |
R146 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 109 | 164000 | 13.11 | 63000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][6] |
VFTS 621 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 107 | 164000 | 15.39 | 54000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
WR 21a A (来自维斯特卢2的速逃星) | 103.6 | 26100 | 12.661 | 45000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [35][18] |
R99 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的N44) | 103 | 164000 | 11.52 | 28000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][11] |
HSH95-47 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 102 | 163000 | 14.72 | 47000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][6] |
圆拱星团-F6 (位于圆拱星团) | 101 | 25000 | 15.75 (J波段) | 33900 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [30][31] |
Sk -65° 47 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1923) | 101 | 160000 | 12.466 | 47800 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
圆拱星团-F1 (位于圆拱星团) | 100.9 | 25000 | 16.3 (J波段) | 33200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [30][31] |
牡丹星 (靠近银心) | 100 | 26000 | 12.98 (J波段) | 25100 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [36][37] |
VFTS 457 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 100 | 164000 | 13.74 | 39800 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
海山二 A (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) | 100 | 7500 | 4.3 | 9400-35200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [38][39] |
默瑟30-1 A (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) | 99 | 40000 | 10.33 (J波段) | 32200 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [40] |
Sk -68° 137 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 99 | 160000 | 13.346 | 50000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][15] |
HSH95-48 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 98 | 163000 | 14.75 | 49000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
WR 25 A (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) | 98 | 6500 | 8.8 | 50100 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [28][11] |
BI 253 (来自大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云的速逃星) | 97.6 | 164000 | 13.76 | 54000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [13][41] |
R136a8 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 96 | 157000 | 14.42 | 51000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [19][6] |
HD 38282 B (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 95 | 163000 | 11.11 | 47000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [42][18] |
HM 1-6 (位于HM 1) | 95 | 11000 | 11.64 | 44700 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [21][43] |
NGC 3603-42 (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) | 95 | 25000 | 12.86 | 50000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][16] |
R139 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 95 | 163000 | 11.94 | 35000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [5][6] |
BAT99-6 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1747) | 94 | 165000 | 11.95 | 165000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][15] |
HSH95-49 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 94 | 163000 | 14.75 | 48000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
Sk -66° 172 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的N64) | 94 | 160000 | 13.1 | 46300 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][15] |
ST2-22 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) | 94 | 160000 | 14.3 | 51300 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][44] |
VFTS 259 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 94 | 164000 | 13.65 | 37600 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
VFTS 562 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 94 | 164000 | 13.66 | 42200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
VFTS 512 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 93 | 164000 | 14.28 | 47300 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
HD 97950 A1b (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) | 92 | 24800 | 11.18 | 40000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [3][16] |
VFTS 16 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 91.6 | 164000 | 13.55 | 50600 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [13][6] |
HD 97950 A3 (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) | 91 | 24800 | 12.95 | 50000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][16] |
NGC 346-W1 (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 346) | 91 | 200000 | 12.57 | 43400 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][45] |
HSH95-45 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 90 | 163000 | 14.65 | 42000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
R127 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2055) | 90 | 160000 | 10.15 | 18500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [46][18] |
VFTS 333 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 90 | 164000 | 12.49 | 37600 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
VFTS 267 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 89 | 164000 | 13.49 | 44700 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
VFTS 64 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 88 | 164000 | 14.621 | 39800 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][15] |
BAT99-80 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) | 87 | 165000 | 13 | 45000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [23][44] |
R140b (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 87 | 165000 | 12.66 | 47000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][6] |
VFTS 542 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 87 | 164000 | 13.47 | 44700 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
VFTS 599 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 87 | 164000 | 13.8 | 44700 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
WR 89 (位于HM 1) | 87 | 11000 | 11.02 | 39800 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [28][18] |
圆拱星团-F7 (位于圆拱星团) | 86.3 | 25000 | 15.74 (J波段) | 32900 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [30][31] |
Sk -69° 104 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1910) | 86 | 160000 | 12.1 | 39900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
VFTS 1017 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 86 | 164000 | 14.5 | 50100 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
布雷21 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1910) | 85 | 160000 | 11.29 | 71000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][18] |
LH 10-3061 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1763) | 85 | 160000 | 13.491 | 52000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][15] |
Sk 80 (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 346) | 85 | 200000 | 12.31 | 38900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][47] |
VFTS 603 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 85 | 164000 | 13.99 | 42200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
Sk -70° 91 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的BSDL 1830) | 84.09 | 165000 | 12.78 | 48900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [48][15] |
R147 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 84 | 164000 | 12.993 | 47300 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][49] |
HD 93250 A (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) | 83.3 | 7500 | 7.5 | 46000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [50][11] |
HSH95-30 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 83 | 163000 | 14.21 | 37000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
WR 20a A (位于维斯特卢2) | 82.7 | 20000 | 13.28 | 43000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [51] |
OGLE-ECL-17 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2048) | 82 | 160000 | 14.05 | 45000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][15] |
WR 20a B (位于维斯特卢2) | 81.9 | 20000 | 13.28 | 43000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [51] |
川普勒27-27 (位于川普勒27) | 81 | 3900 | 13.31 | 37000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [21][18] |
BAT99-96 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 80 | 165000 | 13.76 | 42000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][6] |
HD 15570 (位于心脏星云内的IC 1805) | 80 | 7500 | 8.11 | 46000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [10][11] |
HD 38282 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 80 | 163000 | 11.11 | 47000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [42][18] |
HSH95-70 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 80 | 163000 | 14.96 | 47000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
圆拱星团-F15 (位于圆拱星团) | 79.7 | 25000 | 16.12 (J波段) | 35600 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [30][31] |
BI 237 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的BSDL 2527) | 79.66 | 165000 | 13.83 | 51300 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [48][15] |
VFTS 94 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 79 | 164000 | 14.161 | 42200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][15] |
VFTS 151 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 79 | 164000 | 14.13 | 42200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
HSH95-31 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 78 | 163000 | 14.12 | 48000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
LH 41-32 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1910) | 78 | 160000 | 13.086 | 48200 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
匹斯密斯24-17 (位于NGC 6357内的匹斯密斯24) | 78 | 5900 | 11.84 | 42700 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [52][43] |
VFTS 404 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 78 | 164000 | 14.14 | 44700 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
HSH95-112 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 77 | 163000 | 15.74 | 36000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
BAT99-68 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的BSDL 2505) | 76 | 165000 | 14.13 | 45000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][15] |
HD 93632 (位于船底座星云的科林德228) | 76 | 10000 | 8.23 | 45400 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [21][11] |
NGC 346-W3 (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 346) | 76 | 200000 | 12.8 | 52500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][45] |
VFTS 169 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 76 | 164000 | 14.437 | 47300 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][15] |
VFTS 440 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 76 | 164000 | 12.046 | 39800 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][15] |
AB1 (位于小麦哲伦星系内的DEM S10) | 75 | 197000 | 15.238 | 79000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [53][45] |
WR 22 A (位于船底座星云的波鸿10) | 75 | 8300 | 6.42 | 44700 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [28][11] |
匹斯密斯24-1NE (位于NGC 6357内的匹斯密斯24) | 74 | 6500 | 11 | 42500 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [52][54] |
VFTS 608 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 74 | 164000 | 14.22 | 42200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
默瑟30-3 (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) | 73 | 40000 | 12.62 (J波段) | 39300 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [40] |
默瑟30-11 (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) | 73 | 40000 | 12.33 (J波段) | 36800 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [40] |
VFTS 566 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 73 | 164000 | 14.05 | 44700 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
LH 64-16 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2001) | 72 | 160000 | 13.666 | 50900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][25] |
NGC 2044-W35 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) | 72 | 160000 | 14.1 | 48200 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
VFTS 216 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 72 | 164000 | 14.389 | 44700 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][15] |
HSH95-58 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 71 | 163000 | 14.8 | 50000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
ST2-1 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) | 71 | 160000 | 14.3 | 44100 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][44] |
VFTS 3 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 71 | 164000 | 11.56 | 21000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [55][6] |
圆拱星团-F12 (位于圆拱星团) | 70 | 25000 | 16.4 (J波段) | 36900 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [30][31] |
布雷50 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2033) | 70 | 165000 | 13.25 | 117000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][18] |
HD 15629 (位于心脏星云内的IC 1805) | 70 | 7500 | 8.42 | 45900 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [10][11] |
HD 37974 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的N135) | 70 | 163000 | 10.99 | 22500 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [56][18] |
HD 93129 Ab (位于船底座星云内的川普勒14) | 70 | 7500 | 7.31 | 44000 | 三星系统 | SIMBAD | [34][57] |
M33 X-7 B (位于三角座星系) | 70 | 2700000 | 18.7 | 35000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [58][59] |
Sk -69° 194 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2033) | 70 | 160000 | 12.131 | 45000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][49] |
VFTS 125 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 69.6 | 164000 | 16.6 | 55200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [13][44] |
HD 46150 (位于蔷薇星云内的NGC 2244) | 69 | 5200 | 6.73 | 44000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][11] |
HD 229059 (位于伯克利87) | 69 | 3000 | 8.7 | 26300 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [21][11] |
ST2-3 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) | 69 | 160000 | 14.264 | 44900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
ST2-32 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) | 69 | 160000 | 13.903 | 45400 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
W28-23 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2033) | 69 | 160000 | 13.702 | 51300 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][25] |
HD 93403 A (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) | 68.5 | 10400 | 8.27 | 39300 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [60][18] |
HD 93130 (位于船底座星云的科林德228) | 68 | 10000 | 8.04 | 39900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [21][11] |
HM 1-8 (位于HM 1) | 68 | 11000 | 12.52 | 46100 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [21][43] |
HSH95-75 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 68 | 163000 | 15.08 | 39000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
BAT99-93 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 67 | 165000 | 13.446 | 45000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][15] |
Sk -69° 200 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2033) | 67 | 160000 | 11.18 | 26300 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
圆拱星团-F18 (位于圆拱星团) | 66.9 | 25000 | 16.7 (J波段) | 36900 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [30][31] |
圆拱星团-F4 (位于圆拱星团) | 66.4 | 25000 | 15.63 (J波段) | 36800 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [30][31] |
BAT99-59 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2020) | 66 | 165000 | 13.186 | 71000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][15] |
BAT99-104 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 66 | 165000 | 12.5 | 63000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][15] |
HD 5980 B (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 346) | 66 | 200000 | 11.31 | 45000 | 三星系统 | SIMBAD | [61][57] |
HD 190429 A (靠近巴纳德146) | 66 | 7800 | 6.63 | 46000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [62][11] |
LH 31-1003 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1858) | 66 | 160000 | 13.186 | 41900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
LH 114-7 位于大麦哲伦星系内的N70) | 66 | 160000 | 13.66 | 50000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][15] |
匹斯密斯24-1SW (位于NGC 6357内的匹斯密斯24) | 66 | 6500 | 11.1 | 40000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [52][54] |
BAT99-126 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2081) | 65 | 165000 | 13.166 | 71000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][15] |
HSH95-89 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 65 | 163000 | 14.76 | 44000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [19] |
VFTS 63 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 65 | 164000 | 14.4 | 42200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][44] |
VFTS 145 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 65 | 164000 | 14.3 | 39800 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
VFTS 518 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 65 | 164000 | 15.11 | 44700 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
BD+43° 3654 (来自天鹅座OB2的速逃星) | 64.6 | 5400 | 10.06 | 40400 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [63][57] |
BAT99-129 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的DEM L294) | 64 | 165000 | 14.701 | 79000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][15] |
HSH95-68 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 64 | 163000 | 15.15 | 43000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
Sk -69° 25 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1748) | 64 | 160000 | 11.886 | 43600 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
川普勒27-23 (位于川普勒27) | 64 | 3900 | 10.09 | 27500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [21][18] |
HD 46223 (位于蔷薇星云内的NGC 2244) | 63 | 5200 | 7.28 | 46000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][11] |
HD 64568 (位于船尾座OB2内的NGC 2467) | 63 | 16000 | 9.39 | 54000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][18] |
HD 303308 (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) | 63 | 9200 | 8.17 | 51300 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [21][18] |
HR 6187 A (位于天坛座OB1内的NGC 6193) | 63 | 4300 | 5.54 | 46500 | 七星系统 | SIMBAD | [64][11] |
LH 10-3058 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1763) | 63 | 160000 | 14.089 | 54000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][15] |
ST5-71 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2074) | 63 | 160000 | 13.266 | 45400 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
AB9 (位于小麦哲伦星系内的DEM S80) | 62 | 197000 | 15.431 | 100000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [53][45] |
布雷32 B (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1966) | 62 | 165000 | 12.32 | 43600 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][18] |
HD 93160 (位于船底座星云内的川普勒14) | 62 | 8000 | 7.6 | 42700 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [21][11] |
LH 41-1017 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1910) | 62 | 160000 | 12.266 | 42700 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
默瑟30-6a A (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) | 62 | 40000 | 10.39 (J波段) | 29900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [40] |
ST4-18 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2081) | 62 | 160000 | 13.639 | 44800 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
VFTS 664 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 62 | 164000 | 13.937 | 39900 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][15] |
HD 229196 (位于天鹅座OB9) | 61.6 | 5000 | 8.59 | 40900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [63][43] |
AB8 B (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 602) | 61 | 197000 | 12.83 | 45000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [61][65] |
BAT99-79 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) | 61 | 165000 | 13.486 | 42000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][15] |
HD 5980 A (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 346) | 61 | 200000 | 11.31 | 37000 | 三星系统 | SIMBAD | [61][57] |
HSH95-64 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 61 | 163000 | 15.03 | 40000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
LH 41-18 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1910) | 61 | 160000 | 12.586 | 38500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
默瑟30-9 A (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) | 61 | 40000 | 12.25 (J波段) | 34500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [40] |
ST5-25 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2074) | 61 | 160000 | 13.551 | 48600 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][25] |
VFTS 422 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 61 | 164000 | 15.14 | 39800 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
WR 102hb (位于五合星团) | 61 | 26000 | 13.9 (J波段) | 25100 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [66][67] |
Sk -67° 166 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的GKK-A144) | 60.68 | 160000 | 12.22 | 41800 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [48][15] |
Sk -67° 167 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的GKK-A144) | 60.68 | 160000 | 12.586 | 41800 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [48][15] |
Sk -71° 46 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的BSDL 2242) | 60.68 | 160000 | 13.241 | 41800 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [48][15] |
布雷10 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1770) | 60 | 165000 | 12.69 | 117000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][18] |
布雷94 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2081) | 60 | 165000 | 12.996 | 83000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
布雷95a A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2081) | 60 | 165000 | 12.2 | 83000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][68] |
默瑟30-7 A (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) | 60 | 40000 | 11.52 (J波段) | 41400 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [40] |
R134 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 60 | 164000 | 12.75 | 39800 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
R142 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 60 | 164000 | 11.82 | 18000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [55][6] |
R143 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 60 | 160000 | 12.014 | 27000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [46][15] |
Sk -69° 142a (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1983) | 60 | 160000 | 11.093 | 34000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [46][49] |
Sk -69° 259 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2081) | 60 | 160000 | 11.93 | 23000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][18] |
Var 83 (位于三角座星系) | 60 | 3000000 | 16.027 | 27500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [69][70] |
VFTS 430 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 60 | 164000 | 15.11 | 24500 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [55][6] |
一些常见的质量在60个太阳质量之下的恒星:
恒星名称 | 质量(太阳=1) | 距离(光年) | 视星等 | 有效温度(K) | 估算方法 | 链接 | 参考文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
弧矢增二十二 (位于船帆座分子云脊内的船帆座R2) | 56.1 | 1080 | 2.25 | 40000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [62][11] |
造父三 (来自仙王座OB3的速逃星) | 51.4 | 3100 | 5.05 | 36000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [62][11] |
弧矢增六 Aa (位于NGC 2362) | 50 | 5120 | 4.89 | 32000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [71][11] |
参宿二 (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) | 44 | 2000 | 1.69 | 27500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [72][11] |
伐二 A (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) | 39 | 1500 | 5.02 | 34900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [73][74] |
少卫/紫微右垣六 (来自NGC 1502的速逃星) | 37.6 | 6000 | 4.29 | 29000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [75][11] |
天津增九 (位于天鹅座OB1内的IC 4996) | 37 | 5100 | 4.82 | 18700 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [76][11] |
尾宿三 (位于天蝎座OB1内的NGC 6231) | 36 | 8210 | 4.705 | 17200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [77][78] |
参宿一 Aa (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) | 33 | 1260 | 2.08 | 29500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [79] |
伐一C1 (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户四边形星团) | 33 | 1340 | 5.13 | 39000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [80][11] |
王良二 (位于仙后座OB14) | 33 | 4000 | 4.16 | 23500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [81][11] |
海山二 B (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) | 30 | 7500 | 4.3 | 37200 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [82][39] |
天社一 B (位于船帆座OB2) | 28.5 | 1230 | 1.83 | 35000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [83][11] |
觜宿一 A (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座λ星协) | 27.9 | 1100 | 3.54 | 37700 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [84][85] |
卷舌三 (位于英仙座OB2内的加州星云) | 26.1 | 1200 | 4.04 | 35000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [75][11] |
WR 79a (位于天蝎座OB1内的NGC 6231) | 24.4 | 5600 | 5.77 | 35000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [86][11] |
参宿三 Aa1 (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) | 24 | 1200 | 2.5 | 29500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [87][88] |
伐三 Aa1 (位于猎户座分子云团内的NGC 1980) | 23.1 | 1340 | 2.77 | 32500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [89][90] |
WR 78 (位于天蝎座OB1内的NGC 6231) | 22 | 4100 | 6.48 | 50100 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [28][29] |
军市增五 (位于科林德121) | 21.4 | 2800 | 3.043 | 15500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [91][11] |
参宿七 A (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) | 21 | 860 | 0.13 | 12100 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [92][11] |
弧矢二 (位于科林德121) | 21 | 2000 | 2.45 | 15000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [81][11] |
天市右垣十一/韩 (位于天蝎-半人马星协内的上天蝎次集团) | 20.2 | 370 | 2.569 | 34000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [75][11] |
参宿增三十六 (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) | 20 | 2900 | 4.618 | 33400 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [93][94] |
参宿增一 Aa (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) | 18 | 1260 | 4.07 | 35000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [95][96] |
屎 (来自猎户四边形星团的速逃星) | 16 | 1300 | 5.18 | 33000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [97][11] |
参宿六 (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) | 15.5 | 650 | 2.09 | 26500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [71][11] |
天津增二十八 (位于天鹅座OB4) | 15 | 3260 | 4.233 | 10800 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [98][99] |
南船三 A (位于天蝎-半人马星协内的IC 2602) | 14.9 | 460 | 2.76 | 31000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [71][100] |
伐二 B (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) | 14.8 | 1500 | 6.38 | 29300 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [101] |
卷舌四 (位于英仙座OB2) | 14.5 | 750 | 2.86 | 20800 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [71][11] |
参宿增一 B (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) | 14 | 1260 | 4.07 | 31000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [95][96] |
军市一 (位于本地泡) | 13.5 | 490 | 1.985 | 23200 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [102][103] |
卷舌二 A (位于英仙座α星团) | 13.5 | 640 | 2.88 | 26500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [71][104] |
伐三 Aa2 (位于猎户座分子云团内的NGC 1980) | 13.1 | 1340 | 2.77 | 27000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [89][90] |
房宿三 A (位于天蝎-半人马星协内的上天蝎次集团) | 13 | 440 | 2.307 | 27400 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [105][106] |
参宿增一 Ab (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) | 13 | 1260 | 4.07 | 29000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [95][96] |
苍蝇座θ Aa (位于半人马座OB1) | 11.5 | 7400 | 5.53 | 83000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [107][11] |
天社一 A (位于船帆座OB2) | 9 | 1230 | 1.83 | 57000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [83][11] |
心宿增四 A (位于蛇夫座ρ星云复合体) | 8.7 | 360 | 4.63 | 22000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [108][11] |
心宿二 B (位于环泡1) | 7.2 | 550 | 5.5 | 18500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [105][85] |
毕宿八 A (位于双鱼-波江座星流) | 7.18 | 480 | 3.47 | 18700 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [71][109] |
天船五 (位于英仙座α星团) | 7 | 520 | 3.01 | 14900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [110][100] |
天船四 (位于英仙座α星团) | 6.2 | 580 | 4.31 | 16000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [110][11] |
孔雀十一 (位于杜鹃-时钟座星协) | 5.91 | 180 | 1.94 | 17700 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [111][90] |
昴宿六 A (位于昴宿星团) | 5.9 | 440 | 2.87 | 12300 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [112][11] |
天狼增四 (位于科林德121) | 5.6 | 440 | 4.1 | 13600 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [110][113] |
盖屋一 (位于双鱼-波江座星流) | 4.3 | 440 | 4.71 | 13500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [110][114] |
天庾一 (位于双鱼-波江座星流) | 3.65 | 370 | 4.69 | 13400 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [115][11] |
天园三 (位于杜鹃-时钟座星协) | 3.55 | 150 | 3.55 | 13700 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [116][117] |
小斗七 (位于天蝎-半人马星协内的蝘蜓座η移动星群) | 3.2 | 310 | 5.453 | 12500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [110][57] |
小斗二 (位于天蝎-半人马星协内的蝘蜓座ε移动星群) | 2.87 | 360 | 4.91 | 10900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [118][100] |
蛇腹二 (位于杜鹃-时钟座星协) | 2.64 | 150 | 4.12 | 11000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [119][110] |
鸟喙四 A (位于杜鹃-时钟座星协) | 2.5 | 140 | 4.37 | 10600 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [120][85] |
羽林军二十五 (位于双鱼-波江座星流) | 2 | 320 | 5.66 | 10600 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [110][121] |
太阳 (位于太阳系) | 1 | 0.0000158 | -26.744 | 5772 | 测定标准 | NASA | [122][123][124] |
黑洞
[编辑]黑洞是巨型恒星的最终演化物。理论上它们不是恒星,它们核心不再引起核聚变。另外,理论上存在的微黑洞与恒星演化无关。
爱丁顿光度极限
[编辑]天文学家经过长期推论的结果显示,一颗原恒星成长到120倍太阳质量以上时必然会猛烈爆炸。很早期的第三星族星可以超过这个极限,如果目前宇宙存在任何质量超过120倍太阳质量的恒星,它们将对现时的恒星演化理论产生疑虑。
质量极限出现的原因是因为拥有更巨大质量的恒星在消耗燃料的速率更快,比其他中小质量的恒星更加巨大。如果一颗巨型恒星在恒星核心引起核聚变所发岀的压力发光能量超出它本身内部拉扯重力,就称为爱丁顿极限。在超过这个极限时,恒星将会开始推挤自己,或流失足够的质量使内部降低到至恒星可以承受的速率。在理论上,由于恒星风会让许多物质流出,一颗更巨大的恒星不能一直维持如此巨大的质量。[128]
天文学家在研究银河系已知恒星最密集的星群:圆拱星团后,证实在那里不存在质量达到150倍太阳质量的恒星,但经过对大麦哲伦云星系的R136超星团研究后,却发现了多颗超过这一极限的恒星,这些超大的恒星很有可能是合并的产物。[129]
参见
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