冷核融合

馬丁·弗萊許曼實驗裝置

冷核融合（英語：Cold fusion）是指理論上在接近常溫（1000K以下）、常壓和相對簡單的設備條件下發生核融合反應。核融合反應中，多個輕原子核被強行聚合形成一個重原子核，並伴隨能量釋放。

冷核融合是現在所用更正式名稱——「低能量核反應」（Low Energy Nuclear Reactions, LENR）——的通俗名稱，隸屬於凝態物質核科學（condensed matter nuclear science, CMNS）的範疇。

歷史

冷核融合為大眾所週知起因於1989年3月「弗萊許曼-龐斯實驗」的爭議性——由科學家馬丁·弗萊許曼（Martin Fleischmann）與史坦利·龐斯（Stanley Pons）所進行。當時有許多科學家努力重複該實驗，卻發現無法再現一樣的結果。人們對冷融合最大的責難集中在其實驗的低重複性和核反應產物不匹配兩點上。

2008年，日本大阪大學物理學教授荒田吉明宣稱完成第一次成功冷融合示範。在實驗中，荒田吉明使氘進入一個包含鈀與鋯氧化物之混合物中，在這種稠密的狀態下，來自於不同原子的氘原子核融合產生氦原子核。

2011年，義大利波隆納大學（University of Bologna）物理系的科學家安卓·羅西（Andrea Rossi）與Sergio Focardi宣布已成功利用能源催化劑（（Energy Catalyzer ）引發冷核融合反應，但尚未普遍得到其他科學家證實。

延伸閱讀

報導與評論

• "Cold Fusion Research" - Energy Research Advisory Board report (November 1989)
  • Conclusions and recommendations section of the report
• U.S. Navy Report Detailing a Decade of Cold Fusion Research "Thermal and Nuclear Aspects of the Pd/D2O System", U.S. Navy TECHNICAL REPORT 1862, February 2002
• U.S. DoE 2004 Cold Fusion Review - U.S. Department of Energy review of 15 years of cold fusion experiments
• Cold Fusion - An Objective Assessment - by Dr. Edmund Storms, a review of the experimental results (December 2001; 233 references, including 34 studies reporting anomalous energy using the Pons-Fleischmann method)

期刊與書籍

• Cold Fusion Times - quarterly journal about cold fusion

Websites and repositories

• Britz's cold nuclear fusion bibliography - an overview and review of almost all available publications about cold nuclear fusion
• Cold Fusion — 17 Years and Heating Up - directory of cold fusion resources compiled by FreeEnergyNews.com
• L. Kowalski's web site - a collection of commentaries on cold fusion research from a physics teacher
• International Society for Condensed Matter Nuclear Science - website of the ISCMNS
• JL Naudin's web site - the CFR project, a High Temperature Plasma Electrolysis based on the Tadahiko Mizuno work from the Hokkaido University (Japan)
• A Cold Fusion primer, in English and Italian
• Harold Aspden|Aspden, Harold, Cold Fusion Lectures and Essays, 1998 (html available). It gives a firsthand thorough account of the efforts and experiments in the development of cold fusion, including the obstruction and hostility done by state agencies and the industry; it presents also the description of this British engineer and physicist GB Patent no. 2,231,195 (1993) and U.S. Patent no. 5,734,122 (1998).

新聞

1980年代

• Elation Should Be Tempered Until Jury Has Examined Experiments The Financial Post (May 1 1989)
• "Physicists Debunk Claim Of a New Kind of Fusion" - The New York Times (May 3 1989)
• "PFC results said to deal blow to fusion claims" - MIT Tech (May 9 1989) - Early cold fusion claims set straight by work in their Plasma Fusion Center

1990年代

• Whatever Happened to Cold Fusion? The American Scholar (Late 1994)
• What If Cold Fusion Is Real? Wired, (November 1998)
• Whatever happened to cold fusion? Physics World, (March 1999)
• The War Against Cold Fusion - What's really behind it? SF Gate - (May 1999)

2000年代

• Arthur C Clarke demands cold fusion rethink BBC News (September 2000)
• "Cold Fusion Heats Up. CBC Science, December 2003
• DoE warms to cold fusion Physics Today April 2004.
• Warming up to Cold Fusion Washington Post Magazine (November 2004)
• ICCF-11 Overview With Links to Presentations International Society for Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (November 2004)
• U.S. review rekindles cold fusion debate Nature - (December 2004)
• The 2005 Cold Fusion Colloquium Cold Fusion Times (May 2005) - Public gathering of cold fusion researchers at MIT
• Cold-Fusion Believers Work On, Even as Mainstream Science Gives Them the Cold Shoulder Salt Lake City Weekly (October 2005)
• ICCF-12 Overview With Links to Presentations International Society for Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (December 2005)
• Does fusion scientist 'hold the secret'? Deseret Morning News (March 2006)
• Fleischmann Joins D2Fusion to Develop Cold Fusion Heaters Pure Energy Systems News (March 2006)
• Extraordinary Evidence for Cold Fusion U.S. Navy’s San Diego SPAWAR labs deliver evidence for Cold Fusion (Pamela Mosier-Boss and Stan Szpak) (November 2006)

書目

• Krivit, Steven ; Winocur, Nadine. The Rebirth of Cold Fusion: Real Science, Real Hope, Real Energy. Los Angeles, CA, Pacific Oaks Press, 2004 ISBN 0-9760545-8-2.
• Charles Beaudette|Beaudette, Charles. Excess Heat: Why Cold Fusion Research Prevailed, 2nd. Ed. South Bristol, ME, Oak Grove Press, 2002. ISBN 0-9678548-3-0.
• Robert L. Park|Park, Robert L. Voodoo Science: The Road from Foolishness to Fraud. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-19-513515-6. It gives a thorough account of cold fusion and its history which represents the perspective of the mainstream scientific community.
• Mizuno, Tadahiko. Nuclear Transmutation: The Reality of Cold Fusion. Concord, N.H.: Infinite Energy Press, 1998. ISBN 1-892925-00-1.
• Taubes, Gary. Bad Science: The Short Life and Weird Times of Cold Fusion. New York, N.Y. : Random House, 1993. ISBN 0-394-58456-2.
• Huizenga, John R. Cold Fusion: The Scientific Fiasco of the Century. Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press, 1992. ISBN 1-878822-07-1; ISBN 0-19-855817-1. Huizenga was co-chair of the 1989 DOE panel set up to investigate the Pons/Fleischmann experiment
• Close, Frank E..Too Hot to Handle: The Race for Cold Fusion. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-691-08591-9; ISBN 0-14-015926-6.
• Mallove, Eugene Fire from Ice: Searching for the Truth Behind the Cold Fusion Furor. Concord, N.H.: Infinite Energy Press, 1991. ISBN 1-892925-02-8. It's an early account from the pro-cold-fusion perspective.