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創造性想像

維基百科，自由的百科全書

創造性想像（英語：Creative visualization），是一種有目的地產生視覺心像的認知過程 。無論睜眼或閉眼，[1][2]人們都可以模擬或重建視知覺 ，[3]維持、檢閱和轉換這些心像，從而改變相關的情緒或感受，[4][5][6]其目的是為了體驗有益的生理、心理或社會效應，例如加速身體傷口癒合[7]，儘量減少身體痛苦 ， 緩解包括焦慮、悲傷、低落情緒的心理痛苦 ，[8]改善自尊或自信心，[9]加強與他人互動時的應對能力。[10][11]

心靈之眼

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「心靈之眼」至少可以追溯到西塞羅的論述，他在探討演說中明喻手法的恰當使用時，提及到了這個概念。[12]

在這次討論中西塞羅指出到，若在演說中提及「他遺產中的加貝斯灣 」和「他所擁有的卡律布狄斯」等「過於牽強 」的明喻；不如直接使用「海灣」和「岩石」等詞，理由是：「心靈之眼更容易指向我們所看到的那些物體，而不是那些我們只耳聞的人。」[13]

「心靈之眼」一詞首先出現在傑弗里·喬叟撰寫的坎特伯雷故事集中的「法律之人」 章節，他告訴我們城堡里的三個人有一個是盲人，他只能用「心靈之眼」去感知世界，也就是所有人在失明後所看見的「那些眼睛」。[14]

視覺和非視覺心像

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除視覺心像外，大腦也能夠產生其它類型的心像 ，包括聽覺的聲音、味覺的滋味、嗅覺的氣味、[15] 運動的動作以及觸覺的質感（如紋理、溫度、壓力）。[16][17]

儘管心像可涵蓋多種感官，[18][19]但「創造性想像」這一術語僅表示人生成和處理視覺心像的過程。

創造性想像與引導心像（英語：Guided imagery）密切相關，且通常被視為引導心像的一部分。在引導心像中，受過訓練的從業者或教師幫助參與者喚起並生成心像[20] ，模擬或重建視覺、[3][21]聲音、[22] 味覺[23] 、[24]氣味、[15] 運動 [25]、觸覺，[17]甚至是與傳統感官有別的想像內容 [26]

在實驗中，視覺與聽覺心像最為常見[27][24] 其中視覺心像在科學文獻中留下最為廣泛的研究和記錄[28][29][30]。所有心像，都可能引發強烈的情緒或感覺。[4][5][31]

階段

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根據實驗心理學 的心像計算理論，[32] [33] [34]創造性想像的過程包括四個階段：

1.心像生成，從記憶或幻想以產生心像。

2.心像維護，有意識地保持心像，防止其快速消退[34]。

3.心像檢查，對心像進行探索、掃描及闡釋，模擬感知視角的變化[35]。

4.心像轉換，將引發負面情緒的心像轉化為增強自主性、應對能力與身心效能的積極心像。

吸引性和注意

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為了使參與者從這個階段性的「創造性想像」過程中受益，參與者須能夠容易進入沉浸狀態或是對吸引性具有敏感性， [36] [37]還對認知注意力資源提出了要求，包括工作記憶 。[38] [39]

因此，臨床實踐中常將創造性想像與冥想、放鬆技巧、音樂等方法結合，以提升沉浸感與注意力控制，增強幹預效果。 [40] [41]

患有注意力不足過動症（ADHD）的個體通常表現出更大的創造潛力。有較強的能力去創造、想像獨特的想法。 [42]但在受限條件下（如需遵循特定標準時）可能因認知僵化[43]與注意力不足而遇到困難。但是，ADHD所增加的思維徘徊（英語：Mind-wandering） 、橫向思維、持久性，可以提供更多跳出邊框的思維（英語：Thinking outside the box）以促進突破性思維的生成[44][45][46]。

引導心像

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在學術文獻中「創造性想像」這術語的使用遠遠少於「引導心像」（guided imagery），且常涵蓋所有感官心像的處理過程。此外，部分將「創造性想像」一詞與「引導心像」互換使用。同時，另一些人則表明引導心像包括創造性想像。[47][48][49]

此外，相關研究多將創造性想像與其他身心干預（如音樂治療、冥想、日記書寫）結合，使得特定技術的效果難以單獨評估。 [48] [50] [51] [52]

效用

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創造性想像可能幫助癌症患者改善心理狀態，但「目前缺乏令人信服的證據表明其對噁心、嘔吐等身體症狀有顯著的影響」。 [53]

參考

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  47. ^ Compare for example the results returned by Google Scholar for publications containing 'Creative Visualization' in the title: Creative Visualization （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） with those containing 'Guided Imagery' Guided Imagery （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.
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