安德森鳶尾花卉數據集 中變色鳶尾 花萼片寬度數據的分布直方圖 推論統計學 ，或稱統計推論 （英語：Statistical inference ），指統計學 中，研究如何根據樣本 數據去推斷母體數量特徵的方法。它是在對樣本 數據進行描述的基礎上，對統計母體的未知數量特徵做出以機率 形式表述的推斷。更概括地說，是在一段有限的時間內，通過對一個隨機過程的觀察來進行推斷的。
統計學中，統計推論與敘述統計 相對應。
統計推論的結果常用來決定下一步的作法，可能是要做更深入的試驗或問卷，或是是決定是否要實行某項方案。
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