鰩科

鰩科; 化石時期：晚白堊世至今 PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	北極鈍頭鰩 Amblyraja hyperborea
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	軟骨魚綱 Chondrichthyes
目：	鰩目 Rajiformes
科：	鰩科 Rajidae; Bonaparte, 1831
屬
	見內文。

鰩科（學名：Rajidae、英語：Skates）是鰩形目的典型科，本科魚身體扁平，胸鰭寬大，腹鰭有一個明顯的缺刻，幾乎將腹鰭分為兩葉，兩個背鰭非常小，緊靠尾部，尾細小，通常無尾鰭，如有也沒有鰭條支持。

鰩科魚生活在海底，以甲殼類動物和小魚為食，是一種經濟魚類，但根據綠色和平，本科有數種魚類遭受過度捕撈的危險。

鰩通常長有扁平的身體，眼睛長在頭部上方，便於觀測水面上的變化；嘴和鰓裂長在身體正方，便於取食海底的帶殼動物。有些鰩魚長有特別寬大的胸鰭，能像飛機一樣在水面上滑行。鰩魚的鼻子下側長有電子感應系統。這種系統連接著鰩魚的感覺神經細胞。多數水生動物在游動時都會產生電子信號，鰩魚就用自身的電子感應系統搜索食物的信號，並進行捕獵。鰩為卵生軟骨魚類。

分類[編輯]

鰩科下分17個屬，如下^[2]：

鈍頭鰩屬 Amblyraja[編輯]

Amblyraja badia (Garman, 1899)
Amblyraja doellojuradoi (Pozzi, 1935)
Amblyraja frerichsi (G. Krefft, 1968)
Amblyraja georgiana (Norman, 1938)
北極鈍頭鰩 Amblyraja hyperborea (Collett, 1879)：又稱北極鈍頭魟
Amblyraja jenseni (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1950)
鈍頭鰩 Amblyraja radiata (Donovan, 1808)：又稱鈍頭魟
Amblyraja reversa (Lloyd, 1906)
Amblyraja robertsi (Hulley, 1970)
Amblyraja taaf (E. E. Meisner, 1987)

白令鰩屬 Beringraja[編輯]

雙斑鰩 Beringraja binoculata (Girard, 1855)
科特鰩 Beringraja cortezensis (McEachran & Miyake, 1988)
北美鰩 Beringraja inornata (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1881)
長吻鰩 Beringraja rhina (Jordan and Gilbert, 1880)
美鰩 Beringraja pulchra (Liu, 1932)
小星鰩 Beringraja stellulata Jordan & Gilbert, 1880

短鰩屬 Breviraja[編輯]

耀斑短鰩 Breviraja claramaculata McEachran & Matheson, 1985
科氏短鰩 Breviraja colesi Bigelow & Schroeder, 1948
Breviraja marklei McEachran & Miyake, 1987
莫氏短鰩 Breviraja mouldi McEachran & Matheson, 1995
Breviraja nigriventralis McEachran & Matheson, 1985
小棘短鰩 Breviraja spinosa Bigelow & Schroeder, 1950

指鰩屬 Dactylobatus[編輯]

指鰩 Dactylobatus armatus B. A. Bean & A. C. Weed, 1909
克氏指鰩 Dactylobatus clarkii (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1958)

齒鰩屬（英語：Dentiraja） Dentiraja[編輯]

Dentiraja australis (Macleay, 1884)
Dentiraja cerva (Whitley, 1939)
Dentiraja confusa (Last, 2008)
Dentiraja endeavouri (Last, 2008)
Dentiraja falloarga (Last, 2008)
Dentiraja flindersi Last & Gledhill, 2008
Dentiraja healdi (Last, W. T. White & Pogonoski, 2008)
Dentiraja lemprieri (Richardson, 1845)
Dentiraja oculus (Last, 2008)
Dentiraja polyommata (Ogilby, 1910)

長吻鰩屬（Dipturus）[編輯]

Dipturus acrobelus Last, W. T. White & Pogonoski, 2008
Dipturus amphispinus Last & Alava, 2013^[3]
Dipturus apricus Last, W. T. White & Pogonoski, 2008
Dipturus batis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Dipturus bullisi (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1962)
Dipturus campbelli (J. H. Wallace, 1967)
Dipturus canutus Last, 2008
Dipturus chinensis (Basilewsky, 1855)
Dipturus crosnieri (Séret, 1989)
Dipturus doutrei (Cadenat, 1960)
Dipturus ecuadoriensis (Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941)
Dipturus flavirostris (Philippi {Krumweide}, 1892)
Dipturus garricki (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1958)
巨鰩 Dipturus gigas (Ishiyama, 1958)
Dipturus grahami Last, 2008
Dipturus gudgeri (Whitley, 1940)
Dipturus innominatus (Garrick & Paul, 1974)
Dipturus intermedius (Parnell, 1837)
Dipturus johannisdavisi (Alcock, 1899)
廣東鰩 Dipturus kwangtungensis (Y. T. Chu, 1960)：又稱廣東老闆鯆。
Dipturus laevis (Mitchill, 1818)
Dipturus lamillai (Concha, Caira, Ebert & Pompert, 2019)^[4]
尖嘴鰩 Dipturus lanceorostratus (J. H. Wallace, 1967)
Dipturus leptocauda (G. Krefft & Stehmann, 1975)
大尾鰩 Dipturus macrocauda (Ishiyama, 1955)：又稱大尾老闆鯆。
Dipturus melanospilus Last, W. T. White & Pogonoski, 2008
Dipturus mennii U. L. Gomes & Paragó, 2001
Dipturus nidarosiensis (Storm, 1881)
Dipturus olseni (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1951)
Dipturus oregoni (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1958)
Dipturus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Dipturus pullopunctatus (J. L. B. Smith, 1964)
Dipturus queenslandicus Last, W. T. White & Pogonoski, 2008
Dipturus springeri (J. H. Wallace, 1967)
Dipturus stenorhynchus (J. H. Wallace, 1967)
Dipturus teevani (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1951)
長鼻鰩 Dipturus tengu (D. S. Jordan & Fowler, 1903)：又稱天狗老闆鯆。
Dipturus trachyderma (G. Krefft & Stehmann, 1975)
Dipturus wengi Séret & Last, 2008
Dipturus wuhanlingi Jeong & Nakabo, 2008

朝鮮鰩屬（英語：Korean skate） Hongeo[編輯]

朝鮮鰩 Hongeo koreana (Jeong & Nakabo, 1997)

鯆魮屬 Okamejei[編輯]

耳棘鯆魮 Okamejei acutispina (Ishiyama, 1958)：又稱光棘鰩。
Okamejei arafurensis Last & Gledhill, 2008
鮑氏鯆魮 Okamejei boesemani (Ishihara, 1987)：又稱鮑氏鰩。
Okamejei cairae Last, Fahmi & Ishihara, 2010
希氏鰩 Okamejei heemstrai (McEachran & Fechhelm, 1982)
何氏鯆魮 Okamejei hollandi (D. S. Jordan & R. E. Richardson, 1909)：又稱何氏鰩。
平背鯆魮 Okamejei kenojei (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841)：又稱斑鰩。
Okamejei leptoura Last & Gledhill, 2008
麥氏鯆魮 Okamejei meerdervoortii (Bleeker, 1860)：又稱麥氏鰩。
Okamejei mengae Jeong, Nakabo & H. L. Wu, 2007
Okamejei ornata Weigmann, Stehmann & Thiel, 2015^[5]
褐斑鰩 Okamejei pita (R. Fricke & Al-Hassan, 1995)^[5]
Okamejei schmidti (Ishiyama, 1958)
Okamejei panayensis Misawa, Babaran & Motomura, 2022

甕鰩屬（英語：Orbiraja） Orbiraja[編輯]

Orbiraja jensenae (Last & A. P. K. Lim, 2010)
Orbiraja philipi (Lloyd, 1906)
Orbiraja powelli (Alcock, 1898)

鰩屬 Raja[編輯]

星斑鰩 Raja asterias Delaroche, 1809
短尾鰩 Raja brachyura Lafont, 1873
背棘鰩 Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758
晶吻鰩 Raja eglanteria L. A. G. Bosc, 1800
赫氏鰩 Raja herwigi G. Krefft, 1965
大吻鰩 Raja maderensis R. T. Lowe, 1838
Raja mauritaniensis White & Fricke, 2021
小睛斑鰩 Raja microocellata Montagu, 1818
鏡鰩 Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758
蒙鰩 Raja montagui Fowler, 1910
Raja ocellifera Regan, 1906
Raja parva Last & Séret, 2016
Raja pita Fricke & Al-Hassan, 1995
Raja polystigma Regan, 1923
粗背鰩 Raja radula Delaroche, 1809
斯氏鰩 Raja straeleni Poll, 1951
波鰩 Raja undulata Lacépède, 1802

細鰩屬 Rajella[編輯]

Rajella annandalei M. C. W. Weber, 1913
Rajella barnardi Norman, 1935
Rajella bathyphila Holt & Byrne, 1908
Rajella bigelowi Stehmann, 1978
Rajella caudaspinosa von Bonde & Swart, 1923
Rajella challengeri Last & Stehmann, 2008
Rajella dissimilis Hulley, 1970
Rajella eisenhardti Long & McCosker, 1999
Rajella fuliginea Bigelow & Schroeder, 1954
細鰩 Rajella fyllae Lütken, 1887
Rajella kukujevi Dolganov, 1985
Rajella leopardus von Bonde & Swart, 1923
Rajella lintea Fries, 1838
Rajella nigerrima F. de Buen, 1960
Rajella paucispinosa Weigmann, Stehmann & Thiel, 2014^[6]
Rajella purpuriventralis Bigelow & Schroeder, 1962
Rajella ravidula Hulley, 1970
Rajella sadowskii G. Krefft & Stehmann, 1974

吻鰩屬 Rostroraja[編輯]

Rostroraja ackleyi (Garman, 1881)
Rostroraja alba (Lacépède, 1803)
Rostroraja bahamensis (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1965)
Rostroraja cervigoni (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1964)
Rostroraja eglanteria (L. A. G. Bosc, 1800)
Rostroraja equatorialis (D. S. Jordan & Bollman, 1890)
Rostroraja texana (A. C. Chandler, 1921)
Rostroraja velezi (Chirichigno F., 1973)

Spiniraja（英語：Spiniraja）[編輯]

Spiniraja whitleyi (Iredale, 1938)

谷鰩屬（英語：Zearaja） Zearaja[編輯]

Zearaja argentinensis (Díaz de Astarloa, Mabragaña, Hanner & Figueroa, 2008)
Zearaja chilensis (Guichenot, 1848)
Zearaja maugeana (Last & Gledhill, 2007)
Zearaja nasuta (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841)

參考文獻[編輯]

^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2009). Rajidae. FishBase. Version 2009-01.
^ LAST, P.R. & SÉRET, B. & STEHMANN, M.F.W. & WEIGMANN, S. (2016) Skates, Family Rajidae. In: Last, P.R., White, W.T., Carvalho, M.R. de, Séret, B., Stehmann, M.F.W & Naylor, G.J.P (Eds.) Rays of the World. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne: 204–363
^ Last, P.R. & Alava, M. (2013): Dipturus amphispinus sp. nov., a new longsnout skate (Rajoidei: Rajidae) from the Philippines. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Pp. 214-227 in: de Carvalho, M.R., Ebert, D.A., Ho, H.-C. & White, W.T. (eds.) : Systematics and biodiversity of sharks, rays, and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa, 3752 (1): 1–386.
^ Francisco Concha; Janine Caira; David Ebert; Joost Pompert. Redescription and taxonomic status of Dipturus chilensis (Guichenot, 1848), and description of Dipturus lamillai sp. nov. (Rajiformes: Rajidae), a new species of long-snout skate from the Falkland Islands. Zootaxa. 1 May 2019, 4590 (5): 501–524 [19 March 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-19）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Weigmann, S., Stehmann, M.F.W. & Thiel, R. (2015): Okamejei ornata n. sp., a new deep-water skate (Elasmobranchii, Rajidae) from the northwestern Indian Ocean off Socotra Islands. Deep-Sea Research Part II, 115: 18-29.
^ Weigmann, S.; Stehmann, M.F.W. & Thiel, R. Rajella paucispinosa n. sp., a new deep-water skate (Elasmobranchii, Rajidae) from the western Indian Ocean off South Mozambique, and a revised generic diagnosis (PDF). Zootaxa. 2014, 3847 (3): 359–387 [2023-09-10]. PMID 25112345. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3847.3.3. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2023-08-02）.

外部連結[編輯]

ARKive – images and movies of the common skate (Dipturus batis)
Kliman, Todd. "Skate Goes From Trash Fish to Treasure （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）", Washingtonian, May 1, 2006.

[FB-1] Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2009). Rajidae. FishBase. Version 2009-01.

[Last2016-2] LAST, P.R. & SÉRET, B. & STEHMANN, M.F.W. & WEIGMANN, S. (2016) Skates, Family Rajidae. In: Last, P.R., White, W.T., Carvalho, M.R. de, Séret, B., Stehmann, M.F.W & Naylor, G.J.P (Eds.) Rays of the World. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne: 204–363

[Last2013-3] Last, P.R. & Alava, M. (2013): Dipturus amphispinus sp. nov., a new longsnout skate (Rajoidei: Rajidae) from the Philippines. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Pp. 214-227 in: de Carvalho, M.R., Ebert, D.A., Ho, H.-C. & White, W.T. (eds.) : Systematics and biodiversity of sharks, rays, and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa, 3752 (1): 1–386.

[4] Francisco Concha; Janine Caira; David Ebert; Joost Pompert. Redescription and taxonomic status of Dipturus chilensis (Guichenot, 1848), and description of Dipturus lamillai sp. nov. (Rajiformes: Rajidae), a new species of long-snout skate from the Falkland Islands. Zootaxa. 1 May 2019, 4590 (5): 501–524 [19 March 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-19）.

[Weigmann2015-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Weigmann, S., Stehmann, M.F.W. & Thiel, R. (2015): Okamejei ornata n. sp., a new deep-water skate (Elasmobranchii, Rajidae) from the northwestern Indian Ocean off Socotra Islands. Deep-Sea Research Part II, 115: 18-29.

[Weigmann2014-6] Weigmann, S.; Stehmann, M.F.W. & Thiel, R. Rajella paucispinosa n. sp., a new deep-water skate (Elasmobranchii, Rajidae) from the western Indian Ocean off South Mozambique, and a revised generic diagnosis (PDF). Zootaxa. 2014, 3847 (3): 359–387 [2023-09-10]. PMID 25112345. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3847.3.3. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2023-08-02）.

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