滿族人名：修订间差异

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2017年2月2日 (四) 15:50的版本

滿族人名是指满族人的姓名。满族人单独使用名字，或将名字与头衔连用称呼，但不将姓氏和名字一齐称呼。例如来自满洲正白旗董鄂氏的费扬古，由于“费扬古”是满族人种常见的名字，为了在对抗准噶尔汗国的战役中将自己区分开来，常常被称为"Fiyanggū be"（费扬古爷）。与汉人和欧洲人不同的是，满洲人的名字并不与姓氏连用。虽然出现爱新觉罗·乌拉熙春及其他类似的人物，但都是非常现代的惯例。为指明自己的姓氏，满洲人一般说成像“Donggo hala-i Fiyanggū”（董鄂氏的费扬古）这样的说法。

满族人有特别多名字。大多数都难以找到定义。一些学者试图对其进行分类。埃里希·海尼士（英语：Erich Haenisch）它们划分成十六类包括动物（埃赫〈Eje〉：公牛，耶律〈Yelu〉：野猪），植物（福多尔〈Fodo〉：杨柳，玛卡〈Maca〉：大蒜），品质（阿燕〈Ayan〉：大，巴彦〈Bayan〉：丰富，乃温汪吉延〈Niowanggiyan〉：绿旗），等等。陈介贤（Ch'en Chieh-hsien）在七个主要类别划分满族人名。但也有不包含在任一分类许多名称。

一些满族名字就是由其他名字所衍生。例如，一个家族的兄弟的名字是Ulušun，Hūlušun，Ilušun，Delušun，Fulušun和Jalušun依照年龄，只有最初的音节被改变。例如是努尔哈赤的兄弟们舒尔哈齐和穆尔哈齐。

由於漢語資料中满族人名音譯並沒有一定的標準，因此很难从他们的汉字转录重建原始满语拼写。有时候一个满族名字的第一个音节常被误解为中国姓氏。比如，写了著名游记的满族官员图丽琛，常被误认为是汉族人。

尼堪（Nikan，意思是“汉人”）是一个最常见的满族姓氏。^[1]尼堪外兰是一个女真首领，为努尔哈赤的一个敌人。.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]努尔哈赤的孙子中也有一个名叫尼堪的亲王，乃是废太子褚英之子，是多尔衮的支持者。^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]

在清代，满族逐渐采用漢式的两字名（不包括姓氏），并用它们的满语转录。我们可以发现上层人物满文名字的两个音节之间出现留有一个空格的趋势，以将他们同平民区别开来。例如乾隆帝的满文名字叫“Hung li”，就是派生自其汉语名“弘历”。某些中文发音的组合从未出现在传统满语范围中，使其难以确定音节的边界。满族人引入了今日被Unicode称作“蒙古语锡伯语音节边界标记”的东西。音节中间被加入字母A作为音节边界的标记以使之能够区别，例如将Guangying（Guwang'ing）这个发音同Guanjing（Guwanging）区别。

辛亥革命后，许多满人改用汉族姓氏。现代满族许多都使用汉名。

参见

满族八大姓

参考资料

^ Mark C. Elliott. The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. 2001: 242–. ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7.
^ Pamela Kyle Crossley. A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. University of California Press. 15 February 2000: 172–. ISBN 978-0-520-92884-8.
^ FREDERIC WAKEMAN JR. The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. 1985: 49–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.
^ Frederic Wakeman. Fall of Imperial China. Simon and Schuster. 1 January 1977: 83–. ISBN 978-0-02-933680-9.
^ Arthur W. Hummel. Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period: 1644-1912. SMC publ. 1991: 15, 592. ISBN 978-957-638-066-2.
^ Kenneth M. Swope. The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618-44. Routledge. 23 January 2014: 17–. ISBN 978-1-134-46209-4.
^ The Cambridge History of China: Pt. 1 ; The Ch'ing Empire to 1800. Cambridge University Press. 1978: 738–. ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.
^ Studia Orientalia. Finnish Oriental Society. 1999: 247. ISBN 978-951-9380-43-8.
^ Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger. History of China. W. H. Allen & Company. 1882: 178–.
^ Elena Vladimirovna Boĭkova; R. B. Rybakov. Kinship in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 48th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Moscow 10-15 July, 2005. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 2006: 294–. ISBN 978-3-447-05416-4.
^ Jonathan Porter. Imperial China, 1350–1900. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 4 February 2016: 117–. ISBN 978-1-4422-2293-9.
^ Ian C. Hannah. A brief history of eastern Asia. T.F. Unwin. 1900: 140–.
^ Evelyn S. Rawski. Early Modern China and Northeast Asia: Cross-Border Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. 5 June 2015: 65–. ISBN 978-1-316-30035-0.
^ Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger. The History of China. W. Thacker & Company. 1808: 621–.
^ John Ross. The Manchus: Or The Reigning Dynasty of China; Their Rise and Progress. J. and R. Parlane. 1880: 9–.
^ Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association. Kraus Reprint Corporation. 1933: 11.
^ Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Memoirs of the Research Department. 1957: 41.
^ Chʻing Shih Wen Tʻi. Society for Qing Studies. 1989: 70.
^ Pamela Kyle Crossley. Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World. Princeton University Press. 1990: 41–. ISBN 0-691-00877-9.
^ Evelyn S. Rawski. The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. University of California Press. 15 November 1998: 99–. ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0.
^ FREDERIC WAKEMAN JR. The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. 1985: 902–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.
^ Adam Yuen-chung Lui. Two Rulers in One Reign: Dorgon and Shun-chih, 1644-1660. Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University. 1 January 1989: 41, 46. ISBN 978-0-7315-0654-5.
^ John Ross. The Manchus: Or The Reigning Dynasty of China; Their Rise and Progress. J. and R. Parlane. 1880: 336–.
^ Arthur William Hummel. Eminent Chinese of the Chʻing Period (1644-1912). U.S. Government Printing Office. 1943: 17, 217, 591.
^ Ostasiatische Zeitschrift. Oesterheld & Company. 1926: 45–46.
^ George Alexander Kennedy. Selected Works. Far Eastern Publications, Yale University. 1964: 522.
^ Erich Hauer. Huang-ts'ing k'ai-kuo fang-lüeh: Die gründung des mandschurischen kaiserreiches. W. de Gruyter. 1 January 1926: 545, 579.
^ Serie orientale Roma. Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. 1970: 174.

Stary, Giovanni. A Dictionary of Manchu Names: A Name Index to the Manchu Version of the "Complete Genealogies of the Manchu Clans and Families of the Eight Banners" Jakūn gūsai Manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithe Baqi Manzhou shizu tongpu, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz ed., 2000. Aetas Manjurica 8.

[Elliott2001-1] Mark C. Elliott. The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. 2001: 242–. ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7.

[Crossley2000-2] Pamela Kyle Crossley. A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. University of California Press. 15 February 2000: 172–. ISBN 978-0-520-92884-8.

[JR.1985-3] FREDERIC WAKEMAN JR. The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. 1985: 49–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.

[Wakeman1977-4] Frederic Wakeman. Fall of Imperial China. Simon and Schuster. 1 January 1977: 83–. ISBN 978-0-02-933680-9.

[Hummel1991-5] Arthur W. Hummel. Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period: 1644-1912. SMC publ. 1991: 15, 592. ISBN 978-957-638-066-2.

[Swope2014-6] Kenneth M. Swope. The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618-44. Routledge. 23 January 2014: 17–. ISBN 978-1-134-46209-4.

[7] The Cambridge History of China: Pt. 1 ; The Ch'ing Empire to 1800. Cambridge University Press. 1978: 738–. ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.

[8] Studia Orientalia. Finnish Oriental Society. 1999: 247. ISBN 978-951-9380-43-8.

[Boulger1882-9] Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger. History of China. W. H. Allen & Company. 1882: 178–.

[BoĭkovaRybakov2006-10] Elena Vladimirovna Boĭkova; R. B. Rybakov. Kinship in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 48th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Moscow 10-15 July, 2005. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 2006: 294–. ISBN 978-3-447-05416-4.

[Porter2016-11] Jonathan Porter. Imperial China, 1350–1900. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 4 February 2016: 117–. ISBN 978-1-4422-2293-9.

[Hannah1900-12] Ian C. Hannah. A brief history of eastern Asia. T.F. Unwin. 1900: 140–.

[Rawski2015-13] Evelyn S. Rawski. Early Modern China and Northeast Asia: Cross-Border Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. 5 June 2015: 65–. ISBN 978-1-316-30035-0.

[Boulger1808-14] Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger. The History of China. W. Thacker & Company. 1808: 621–.

[Ross1880-15] John Ross. The Manchus: Or The Reigning Dynasty of China; Their Rise and Progress. J. and R. Parlane. 1880: 9–.

[16] Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association. Kraus Reprint Corporation. 1933: 11.

[(Japan)1957-17] Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Memoirs of the Research Department. 1957: 41.

[18] Chʻing Shih Wen Tʻi. Society for Qing Studies. 1989: 70.

[Crossley1990-19] Pamela Kyle Crossley. Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World. Princeton University Press. 1990: 41–. ISBN 0-691-00877-9.

[Rawski1998_2-20] Evelyn S. Rawski. The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. University of California Press. 15 November 1998: 99–. ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0.

[JR.1985_2-21] FREDERIC WAKEMAN JR. The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. 1985: 902–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.

[Lui1989-22] Adam Yuen-chung Lui. Two Rulers in One Reign: Dorgon and Shun-chih, 1644-1660. Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University. 1 January 1989: 41, 46. ISBN 978-0-7315-0654-5.

[Ross1880_2-23] John Ross. The Manchus: Or The Reigning Dynasty of China; Their Rise and Progress. J. and R. Parlane. 1880: 336–.

[Hummel1943-24] Arthur William Hummel. Eminent Chinese of the Chʻing Period (1644-1912). U.S. Government Printing Office. 1943: 17, 217, 591.

[25] Ostasiatische Zeitschrift. Oesterheld & Company. 1926: 45–46.

[Kennedy1964-26] George Alexander Kennedy. Selected Works. Far Eastern Publications, Yale University. 1964: 522.

[Hauer1926-27] Erich Hauer. Huang-ts'ing k'ai-kuo fang-lüeh: Die gründung des mandschurischen kaiserreiches. W. de Gruyter. 1 January 1926: 545, 579.

[28] Serie orientale Roma. Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. 1970: 174.

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@@ 第1行： / 第1行： @@
 {{orphan|time=2015-08-05T09:35:34+00:00}}
-{{unreferenced|time=2015-08-05T09:35:34+00:00}}
 '''滿族人名'''是指[[满族]]人的姓名。满族人单独使用名字，或将名字与头衔连用称呼，但不将姓氏和名字一齐称呼。例如来自[[满洲正白旗]][[董鄂氏]]的[[费扬古 (栋鄂氏)|费扬古]]，由于“费扬古”是满族人种常见的名字，为了在对抗[[准噶尔汗国]]的战役中将自己区分开来，常常被称为"Fiyanggū be"（费扬古爷）。与汉人和欧洲人不同的是，满洲人的名字并不与姓氏连用。虽然出现[[爱新觉罗·乌拉熙春]]及其他类似的人物，但都是非常现代的惯例。为指明自己的姓氏，满洲人一般说成像“Donggo hala-i Fiyanggū”（董鄂氏的费扬古）这样的说法。
-满族人有特别多名字。大多数都难以找到定义。一些学者试图对其进行分类。埃里希海尼士它们划分成十六类包括动物（埃赫：公牛，耶律：野猪），植物（福多尔：杨柳，玛卡：大蒜），品质（阿燕：大，巴彦：丰富，乃温汪吉延：绿旗），等等。陈介贤在七个主要类别划分满族人名。但也有不包含在任一分类许多名称。
+满族人有特别多名字。大多数都难以找到定义。一些学者试图对其进行分类。{{link-en|埃里希·海尼士|Erich Haenisch}}它们划分成十六类包括动物（埃赫〈Eje〉：公牛，耶律〈Yelu〉：野猪），植物（福多尔〈Fodo〉：杨柳，玛卡〈Maca〉：大蒜），品质（阿燕〈Ayan〉：大，巴彦〈Bayan〉：丰富，乃温汪吉延〈Niowanggiyan〉：绿旗），等等。陈介贤（Ch'en Chieh-hsien）在七个主要类别划分满族人名。但也有不包含在任一分类许多名称。
-一些满族名字就是由其他名字所衍生。例如，一个家族的兄弟的名字是Ulušun，Hūlušun，Ilušun，Delušun，Fulušun和Jalušun依照年龄，只有最初的音节被改变。例如是努尔哈赤的兄弟们舒尔哈赤和穆尔哈赤。
+一些满族名字就是由其他名字所衍生。例如，一个家族的兄弟的名字是Ulušun，Hūlušun，Ilušun，Delušun，Fulušun和Jalušun依照年龄，只有最初的音节被改变。例如是[[努尔哈赤]]的兄弟们[[舒尔哈齐]]和[[穆尔哈齐]]。
-由於漢語資料中满族人名音譯並沒有一定的標準，因此很难从他们的汉字转录重建原始满语拼写。一个满族名字的第一个音节常被误解为中国姓氏。比如，写了著名游记的满族官员[[图丽琛]]，常被误认为是汉族人。
+由於漢語資料中满族人名音譯並沒有一定的標準，因此很难从他们的汉字转录重建原始满语拼写。有时候一个满族名字的第一个音节常被误解为中国姓氏。比如，写了著名游记的满族官员[[图丽琛]]，常被误认为是汉族人。
+尼堪（Nikan，意思是“汉人”）是一个最常见的满族姓氏。<ref name="Elliott2001">{{cite book|author=Mark C. Elliott|title=The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&pg=PA242#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2001|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-4684-7|pages=242–}}</ref>[[尼堪外兰]]是一个[[女真]]首领，为努尔哈赤的一个敌人。.<ref name="Crossley2000">{{cite book|author=Pamela Kyle Crossley|title=A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wn4iv_RJv8oC&pg=PA172&dq=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3ufzku_jMAhXD4D4KHXnODR8Q6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=nikan%20wailan%20chinese%20official&f=false|date=15 February 2000|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92884-8|pages=172–}}</ref><ref name="JR.1985">{{cite book|author=FREDERIC WAKEMAN JR.|title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&pg=PA49&dq=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3ufzku_jMAhXD4D4KHXnODR8Q6AEIIzAB#v=onepage&q=nikan%20wailan%20chinese%20official&f=false|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04804-1|pages=49–}}</ref><ref name="Wakeman1977">{{cite book|author=Frederic Wakeman|title=Fall of Imperial China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBmFSFcJKoC&pg=PA83&dq=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3ufzku_jMAhXD4D4KHXnODR8Q6AEIKDAC#v=onepage&q=nikan%20wailan%20chinese%20official&f=false|date=1 January 1977|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-02-933680-9|pages=83–}}</ref><ref name="Hummel1991">{{cite book|author=Arthur W. Hummel|title=Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period: 1644-1912|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqNHAQAAIAAJ&q=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&dq=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3ufzku_jMAhXD4D4KHXnODR8Q6AEILjAD|year=1991|publisher=SMC publ.|isbn=978-957-638-066-2|pages=15, 592}}</ref><ref name="Swope2014">{{cite book|author=Kenneth M. Swope|title=The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618-44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRaoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17&dq=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3ufzku_jMAhXD4D4KHXnODR8Q6AEIMjAE#v=onepage&q=nikan%20wailan%20chinese%20official&f=false|date=23 January 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-46209-4|pages=17–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge History of China: Pt. 1 ; The Ch'ing Empire to 1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAjRWQbINSgC&pg=PA738&dq=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3ufzku_jMAhXD4D4KHXnODR8Q6AEIODAF#v=onepage&q=nikan%20wailan%20chinese%20official&f=false|year=1978|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-24334-6|pages=738–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Studia Orientalia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUFZAAAAMAAJ&q=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&dq=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3ufzku_jMAhXD4D4KHXnODR8Q6AEIPTAG|year=1999|publisher=Finnish Oriental Society|isbn=978-951-9380-43-8|page=247}}</ref><ref name="Boulger1882">{{cite book|author=Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger|title=History of China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWFCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA178&dq=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3ufzku_jMAhXD4D4KHXnODR8Q6AEIQTAH#v=onepage&q=nikan%20wailan%20chinese%20official&f=false|year=1882|publisher=W. H. Allen & Company|pages=178–}}</ref><ref name="BoĭkovaRybakov2006">{{cite book|author1=Elena Vladimirovna Boĭkova|author2=R. B. Rybakov|title=Kinship in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 48th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Moscow 10-15 July, 2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqxGWCXaMBUC&pg=PA294&dq=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3ufzku_jMAhXD4D4KHXnODR8Q6AEIRzAI#v=onepage&q=nikan%20wailan%20chinese%20official&f=false|year=2006|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05416-4|pages=294–}}</ref><ref name="Porter2016">{{cite book|author=Jonathan Porter|title=Imperial China, 1350–1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MAFiCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117&dq=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3ufzku_jMAhXD4D4KHXnODR8Q6AEITjAJ#v=onepage&q=nikan%20wailan%20chinese%20official&f=false|date=4 February 2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-2293-9|pages=117–}}</ref><ref name="Hannah1900">{{cite book|author=Ian C. Hannah|title=A brief history of eastern Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aF6NKVpZF-gC&pg=PA140&dq=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3nsP4vvjMAhXFFz4KHcz6DAQ4ChDoAQgbMAA#v=onepage&q=nikan%20wailan%20chinese%20official&f=false|year=1900|publisher=T.F. Unwin|pages=140–}}</ref><ref name="Rawski2015">{{cite book|author=Evelyn S. Rawski|title=Early Modern China and Northeast Asia: Cross-Border Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p1NCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65&dq=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3nsP4vvjMAhXFFz4KHcz6DAQ4ChDoAQghMAE#v=onepage&q=nikan%20wailan%20chinese%20official&f=false|date=5 June 2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-30035-0|pages=65–}}</ref><ref name="Boulger1808">{{cite book|author=Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger|title=The History of China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7k4bAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA621&dq=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3nsP4vvjMAhXFFz4KHcz6DAQ4ChDoAQgyMAQ#v=onepage&q=nikan%20wailan%20chinese%20official&f=false|year=1808|publisher=W. Thacker & Company|pages=621–}}</ref><ref name="Ross1880">{{cite book|author=John Ross|title=The Manchus: Or The Reigning Dynasty of China; Their Rise and Progress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-xBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9&dq=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3nsP4vvjMAhXFFz4KHcz6DAQ4ChDoAQgsMAM#v=onepage&q=nikan%20wailan%20chinese%20official&f=false|year=1880|publisher=J. and R. Parlane|pages=9–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XrKAAAAAMAAJ&q=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&dq=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3nsP4vvjMAhXFFz4KHcz6DAQ4ChDoAQhKMAk|year=1933|publisher=Kraus Reprint Corporation|page=11}}</ref><ref name="(Japan)1957">{{cite book|author=Tōyō Bunko (Japan)|title=Memoirs of the Research Department|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZbWAAAAMAAJ&q=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&dq=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3nsP4vvjMAhXFFz4KHcz6DAQ4ChDoAQhBMAc|year=1957|page=41}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Chʻing Shih Wen Tʻi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nMzAAAAMAAJ&q=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&dq=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3nsP4vvjMAhXFFz4KHcz6DAQ4ChDoAQhGMAg|year=1989|publisher=Society for Qing Studies|page=70}}</ref><ref name="Crossley1990">{{cite book|author=Pamela Kyle Crossley|title=Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUTE8V-WhwoC&pg=PA41&dq=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjexNTgv_jMAhVB6CYKHX-EBMw4FBDoAQg0MAU#v=onepage&q=nikan%20wailan%20chinese%20official&f=false|year=1990|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-00877-9|pages=41–}}</ref>努尔哈赤的孙子中也有一个名叫[[尼堪 (清朝宗室)|尼堪]]的亲王，乃是废太子[[褚英]]之子，是[[多尔衮]]的支持者。<ref name="Rawski1998 2">{{cite book|author=Evelyn S. Rawski|title=The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5iN5J9G76h0C&pg=PA99&dq=nikan+mandahai&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwicrP7tu_jMAhXHyT4KHUWcCzgQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=nikan%20mandahai&f=false|date=15 November 1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92679-0|pages=99–}}</ref><ref name="JR.1985 2">{{cite book|author=FREDERIC WAKEMAN JR.|title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&pg=PA902&dq=nikan+mandahai&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwicrP7tu_jMAhXHyT4KHUWcCzgQ6AEIIzAB#v=onepage&q=nikan%20mandahai&f=false|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04804-1|pages=902–}}</ref><ref name="Lui1989">{{cite book|author=Adam Yuen-chung Lui|title=Two Rulers in One Reign: Dorgon and Shun-chih, 1644-1660|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtJwAAAAMAAJ&q=nikan+mandahai&dq=nikan+mandahai&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwicrP7tu_jMAhXHyT4KHUWcCzgQ6AEIKDAC|date=1 January 1989|publisher=Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University|isbn=978-0-7315-0654-5|pages=41, 46}}</ref><ref name="Ross1880 2">{{cite book|author=John Ross|title=The Manchus: Or The Reigning Dynasty of China; Their Rise and Progress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-xBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA336&dq=nikan+mandahai&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwicrP7tu_jMAhXHyT4KHUWcCzgQ6AEILDAD#v=onepage&q=nikan%20mandahai&f=false|year=1880|publisher=J. and R. Parlane|pages=336–}}</ref><ref name="Hummel1943">{{cite book|author=Arthur William Hummel|title=Eminent Chinese of the Chʻing Period (1644-1912)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m4RCAAAAYAAJ&q=nikan+mandahai&dq=nikan+mandahai&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwicrP7tu_jMAhXHyT4KHUWcCzgQ6AEIODAF|year=1943|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|pages=17, 217, 591}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ostasiatische Zeitschrift|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHlMAAAAYAAJ&q=nikan+mandahai&dq=nikan+mandahai&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwicrP7tu_jMAhXHyT4KHUWcCzgQ6AEIPDAG|year=1926|publisher=Oesterheld & Company|pages=45-46}}</ref><ref name="Kennedy1964">{{cite book|author=George Alexander Kennedy|title=Selected Works|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zCEtAAAAMAAJ&q=nikan+mandahai&dq=nikan+mandahai&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwicrP7tu_jMAhXHyT4KHUWcCzgQ6AEIQjAH|year=1964|publisher=Far Eastern Publications, Yale University|page=522}}</ref><ref name="Hauer1926">{{cite book|author=Erich Hauer|title=Huang-ts'ing k'ai-kuo fang-lüeh: Die gründung des mandschurischen kaiserreiches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObgbAQAAMAAJ&q=nikan+mandahai&dq=nikan+mandahai&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwicrP7tu_jMAhXHyT4KHUWcCzgQ6AEISzAJ|date=1 January 1926|publisher=W. de Gruyter|pages=545, 579}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Serie orientale Roma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CB08AAAAIAAJ&q=nikan+mandahai&dq=nikan+mandahai&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwicrP7tu_jMAhXHyT4KHUWcCzgQ6AEIRzAI|year=1970|publisher=Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente|page=174}}</ref>
-在[[清代]]，满族逐渐采用漢式的两字名（不包括姓氏），并用它们的满语转录。以滿語紀錄時，這類名是將两个音节并粘在一起。例如，[[乾隆帝]]的本名弘历，就是汉语名。
+在[[清代]]，满族逐渐采用漢式的两字名（不包括姓氏），并用它们的满语转录。我们可以发现上层人物满文名字的两个音节之间出现留有一个空格的趋势，以将他们同平民区别开来。例如[[乾隆帝]]的满文名字叫“Hung li”，就是派生自其汉语名“弘历”。某些中文发音的组合从未出现在传统满语范围中，使其难以确定音节的边界。满族人引入了今日被[[Unicode]]称作“蒙古语锡伯语音节边界标记”的东西。音节中间被加入字母A作为音节边界的标记以使之能够区别，例如将Guangying（Guwang'ing）这个发音同Guanjing（Guwanging）区别。
-现代满族许多都使用[[汉名]]。
+[[辛亥革命]]后，许多满人改用汉族姓氏。现代满族许多都使用[[汉名]]。
+==参见==
+*[[满族八大姓]]
+==参考资料==
+{{reflist}}
+*Stary, Giovanni. ''A Dictionary of Manchu Names: A Name Index to the Manchu Version of the "Complete Genealogies of the Manchu Clans and Families of the Eight Banners" Jakūn gūsai Manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithe Baqi Manzhou shizu tongpu'', Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz ed., 2000. Aetas Manjurica 8.
 [[Category:滿族文化]]