跳转到内容

User:CHih-See Hsie/梅尔温·图明

维基百科，自由的百科全书
梅尔温·M·图明
原文名Melvin Marvin Tumin
出生(1919-02-10)1919年2月10日
美国新泽西州纽瓦克
逝世1994年3月3日(1994歲—03—03)（75歲）
美国新泽西州普林斯顿
国籍美国
职业社会学家
知名于研究种族关系、社会分层、教育、犯罪、暴力行为等

梅尔温·马尔温·图明（Melvin Marvin Tumin，1919年2月10日—1994年3月3日）是美国社会学家，主攻种族关系，一生多在普林斯顿大学执教。[1]

早年生活[编辑]

梅尔温·图明生长于美国新泽西州纽瓦克，十岁上丧父，其母罗丝·雅威茨·图明（Rose Yawitz Tumin）独力将其与两名兄弟养育成人。三兄弟中，梅尔温排第二，弟爱德华，兄伊斯雷尔。1939年，图明在威斯康星麦迪逊大学获心理学学士学位，其后于1944年在西北大学取得社会学与人类学博士学位。[1]攻读研究生课程时，图明在芝加哥居住，与索尔·贝洛为室友，其人日后成为作家。[2]

Career[编辑]

After graduating, Tumin taught at Wayne State University and served on the Mayor's Commission on Race Relations in Detroit.[1] In 1947 he joined Princeton University, where he held appointments until his retirement in 1989; he was appointed as a full professor sometime in the early 1960s. Tumin's work on racial segregation and desegregation was published by the Anti-Defamation League in 1957. In the 1960s he also taught at Columbia University Teachers College.[1]

Tumin was President of The Society for the Study of Social Problems for the period 1966-67.[3] Tumin received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1969.[4]

Tumin directed a task force of the U.S. National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence and was an author of three volumes of its 1970 report Crimes of Violence.[1]

Social stratification[编辑]

In 1953 Tumin challenged the Davis–Moore hypothesis of social stratification with his paper "Some principles of stratification: a critical analysis".[5][6] Tumin took Davis–Moore to imply that social stratification was mostly inevitable and provided a positive function for society. He analyzed the arguments of Davis and Moore and found them wanting in a number of respects.[6] In a reply to Tumin's paper, Davis stated that his ideas seek to explain inequality, rather than justify it. Davis also accused Tumin of a number of errors.[7] Tumin's 1967 book Social Stratification: The Forms and Functions of Inequality was widely used as a textbook and was re-issued in 1985.[1]

Death[编辑]

Tumin died of cancer at the Medical Center in Princeton, New Jersey.[1] In 1994, the Princeton University Sociology Department established an annual Melvin M. Tumin lecture, in honor of Tumin. According to the press release issued by the University, these annual lectures honor "the memory of Professor Melvin Tumin, whose writing on social inequality edified and inspired a generation of American social scientists."[8]

Inspiration for The Human Stain[编辑]

Tumin's friend, the author Philip Roth, said that his novel The Human Stain (2000) was inspired by an incident that happened to the professor.[9][10] According to Roth, Tumin inquired about two students who had not attended his class all semester, asking, "Does anyone know these people? Do they exist or are they spooks?" Unbeknownst to Tumin, both students were African American. As spooks can be a racial slur for black people (in addition to meaning ghosts or spies), the university subjected him to an inquiry into possible hate speech, described by Roth as a "witch hunt".[9] Tumin eventually emerged blameless.[9]

Selected publications[编辑]

  • Moore, Wilbert E; Tumin, Melvin (1949). Some social functions of ignorance. American Sociological Review Vol. 14, No. 6 (Dec., 1949), pp. 787–795
  • Tumin, Melvin (1953). Some principles of stratification: A critical analysis. American Sociological Review Vol. 18, No. 4 (Aug., 1953), pp. 387–394
  • Tumin, Melvin (1957). Some unapplauded consequences of social mobility in a mass society. Social Forces Vol. 36 p. 32 ff. (1957-1958)
  • Tumin, Melvin (1958). Desegregation: Resistance and Readiness Princeton University Press, ISBN 9780691093130
  • Tumin, Melvin (1961). Social Class and Social Change in Puerto Rico. ISBN 9780691086132
  • Tumin, Melvin (1967). Social Stratification: The Forms and Functions of Inequality. Prentice-Hall, ISBN 9780138185916
  • Tumin, Melvin (1975). Caste in a Peasant Society: A Case Study in the Dynamics of Caste. Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0-8371-8390-9

References[编辑]

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Wolfgang Saxon. Melvin M. Tumin, 75, Specialist in Race Relations. The New York Times. 1994-03-05 [2012-09-12]. 
  2. ^ 索尔·贝洛作品列表（英语：Saul Bellow bibliography）
  3. ^ Past Presidents, Vice-Presidents, and Editors. sssp1.org. The Society for the Study of Social Problems. [September 12, 2012]. 
  4. ^ Fellows (1969, Scott – Whitacker). gf.org. John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. [September 14, 2012]. （原始内容存档于October 7, 2012）. 
  5. ^ Tumin, Melvin. Some principles of stratification: a critical analysis. American Sociological Review. 1953, 18 (4): 387–394. JSTOR 2087551. doi:10.2307/2087551. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Subberwal, Ranjana. Davis–Moore Debate. Sociology Dictionary. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 2008: D1–D2 [September 23, 2012]. ISBN 9780070660311. 
  7. ^ Davis, Kingsley. Some principles of stratification: a critical analysis: Reply. American Sociological Review. 1953, 18 (4): 394–397. JSTOR 2087552. doi:10.2307/2087552. 
  8. ^ Princeton University, Office of Communications, Nov. 17, 1997.
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Philip Roth. An Open Letter To Wikipedia. The New Yorker. September 7, 2012 [September 9, 2012]. 
  10. ^ Alison Flood. Philip Roth's complaint to Wikipedia. The Guardian. September 11, 2012 [September 23, 2012]. 

External links[编辑]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Tumin, Melvin}} [[Category:1919 births]] [[Category:1994 deaths]] [[Category:Teachers College, Columbia University faculty]] [[Category:Northwestern University alumni]] [[Category:Writers from Newark, New Jersey]] [[Category:Princeton University faculty]] [[Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni]] [[Category:Wayne State University faculty]]

取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:CHih-See_Hsie/梅尔温·图明&oldid=76433404”