印度扁卷螺：修订间差异

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{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = 印度扁卷螺
| name = 印度扁卷螺
| status =
| status = LC
| status_system =
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn />
| image = Indoplanorbis exustus.jpg
| image = Indoplanorbis exustus.jpg
| range_map = Indoplanorbis exustus map.png
| range_map = Indoplanorbis exustus map.png
| regnum = [[动物界]] Animalia
| regnum = [[动物界]] Animalia
| phylum = [[软体动物门]] Mollusca
| phylum = [[软体动物门]] Mollusca
| classis = [[腹足綱]] Gastropoda
| classis = [[腹足綱]] Gastropoda
| unranked_ordo=
| ordo = [[有肺目]] Pulmonata
clade [[Heterobranchia]]<br/>
| familia = [[扁蜷螺科]] Planorbidae
clade [[Euthyneura]]<br/>
| tribus = [[Bulinini]]<ref name="Albrecht 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Albrecht |first1=C. |last2=Kuhn |first2=K. |last3=Streit |first3=B. |year=2007 |title=A molecular phylogeny of Planorboidea (Gastropoda, Pulmonata): insights from enhanced taxon sampling |journal=''[[Zoologica Scripta]]'' |volume=36 |pages=27-39 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00258.x |language=en }}</ref>
clade [[Panpulmonata]]<br/>
| genus = [[印度扁卷螺属]] ''Indoplanorbis''
clade [[Hygrophila (Gastropoda)|Hygrophila]]
| superfamilia=[[Planorboidea]]
| familia = [[扁蜷螺科]] Planorbidae
| subfamilia = [[Bulininae]]
| tribus = [[Bulinini]]<ref name="Albrecht 2007" />
| genus = '''印度扁卷螺属 ''Indoplanorbis'''''
| genus_authority = [[:en:Nelson Annandale|Annandale]] & [[:en:Baini Prashad|Prashad]], 1921<ref>[[Nelson Annandale|Annandale, N.]] and B. Prashad. (1921). caption ''Aquatic Pulmonata'': [https://archive.org/stream/recordsofindianm22indi#page/565/mode/1up 565]-592. ''Indoplanorbis'' is on pages [https://archive.org/stream/recordsofindianm22indi#page/578/mode/1up 578]-582. In: Annandale N., Prashad B. & Amin-ud-Din (1921). "The Aquatic and Amphibious Molluscs of Manipur". ''[[Records of the Indian Museum]]'' '''22'''(4): [https://archive.org/stream/recordsofindianm22indi#page/n644/mode/1up 528]-632.</ref><ref>Prashad, B. & N. Annandale. (1921). "Report on a collection of Sumatran Molluscs from Fresh and Brackish water". ''[[Records of the Indian Museum]]'' '''22'''(4): 461-508. ''Indoplanorbis'' is on pages [https://archive.org/stream/recordsofindianm22indi#page/472/mode/1up/ 472]-473.</ref>
| species = '''印度扁卷螺 ''I. exustus'''''
| species = '''印度扁卷螺 ''I. exustus'''''
| binomial = ''Indoplanorbis exustus''
| binomial = ''Indoplanorbis exustus''
| binomial_authority = ([[:en:Gérard Paul Deshayes|Deshayes]], 1834)<ref>[[Gérard Paul Deshayes|Deshayes G. P.]] (1834). in: Bélanger C. ''Voyage aux Indes-Orientales'', Zool. '''3''': 417. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PeA-AAAAYAAJ&ots=GEN2k-oRHD&dq=Voyage%20aux%20Indes-orientales%20B%C3%A9langer&hl=cs&pg=PT225#v=onepage&q=exustus&f=false plate 1], figures 11-13.</ref><ref name='id11254' />
| binomial_authority = (Deshyes)<ref name='id11254'>{{cite web | url = http://www.bioinfo.cn/db05/BjdwSpecies.php?action=view&id=11254 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20160305014149/http://www.bioinfo.cn/db05/BjdwSpecies.php?action=view&id=11254 | title = 印度扁卷螺 | work = 《中国动物物种编目数据库》 | publisher = 中国科学院微生物研究所 | author = 中国科学院动物研究所 |accessdate=2009-04-28 |archivedate=2016-03-05 |accessdate=2016-10-01 |language=zh-hans }}</ref>
| synonyms =
* ''Planorbis exustus'' Deshayes, 1834<ref name="Brown 1994"/><ref>Preston, H. B. (1915). [https://archive.org/details/molluscafreshwat00presrich ''Mollusca. Freshwater Gastropoda & Pelecypoda'']. ''[[The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma]]''. Taylor & Francis, London, 244 pp., 29 figs. [https://archive.org/stream/molluscafreshwat00presrich#page/115/mode/1up/ 115]-116.</ref>
}}
}}


'''印度扁卷螺'''（学名：{{lang|la|'''''Indoplanorbis exustus'''''}}）为[[扁蜷螺科]][[印度扁卷螺属]]的动物，俗名扁蜷螺。分布于[[印度]]、[[缅甸]]、[[斯里兰卡]]、印度尼西来、[[泰国]]、[[马来西亚]]以及[[中国大陆]]的[[云南]]等地，主要生活于湖泊沿岸带、池塘以及沼泽地等淡水和微咸水域。<ref name='id11254'/>
'''印度扁卷螺属'''（学名：{{lang|la|'''''Indoplanorbis'''''}}）為一種會呼吸空氣的[[淡水螺]]的一個[[屬 (生物)|屬]]，屬於[[軟體動物門]][腹足綱]][[有肺類]][[扁蜷螺科]]的动物。本屬的[[單種屬動物|唯一物種]]為'''印度扁卷螺'''（{{lang|la|'''''Indoplanorbis exustus'''''}}）。本物種廣泛分佈於熱帶地區，包括[[印度]]、[[缅甸]]、[[斯里兰卡]]、印度尼西来、[[泰国]]、[[马来西亚]]以及[[中国大陆]]的[[云南]]等地，主要生活于湖泊沿岸带、池塘以及沼泽地等淡水和微咸水域<ref name='id11254'/>。
It serves as an important [[intermediate host]] for several [[trematode]] parasites.<ref name="Liu 2010"/> The [[invasive species|invasive]] nature and ecological tolerance of ''Indoplanorbis exustus'' add to its importance in veterinary and medical science.<ref name="Liu 2010"/>


== 参考文献 ==
==Taxonomy==
''Indoplanorbis exustus'' is the only known species in the genus ''Indoplanorbis''. In spite of its long history and wide geographical range, it is thought that ''Indoplanorbis'' includes only a single species.<ref name="Liu 2010"/> However [[phylogeography]] research by Liu et al. (2010)<ref name="Liu 2010"/> revealed the phylogenetic depth of divergences between the Indian clades and Southeast Asian clades, together with habitat and parasitological differences suggest that ''Indoplanorbis exustus'' may comprise more than one species.<ref name="Liu 2010"/>
{{reflist}}

The most phylogenetically related genus to ''Indoplanorbis'' is genus ''[[Bulinus]]''.<ref name="Kristensen 1987"/>

[[File:Indoplanorbis exustus map.png|left|thumb|Distribution map of ''Indoplanorbis exustus'']]

==Distribution==
The freshwater snail ''Indoplanorbis exustus'' is found across [[List of non-marine molluscs of Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Glöer 2012">Glöer, P. and [[Vladimir Pešić|V. Pešić]]. (2012). "The freshwater snails (Gastropoda) of Iran, with descriptions of two new genera and eight new species". ''[[ZooKeys]]'' '''219''': 11-61, {{doi|10.3897/zookeys.219.3406}}.</ref> Nepal,<ref name="Glöer 2012"/> [[List of non-marine molluscs of India|India]], [[List of non-marine molluscs of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]],<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Brant | first1 = S. V.
| last2 = Morgan | first2 = J. A. T.
| last3 = Mkoji | first3 = G. M.
| last4 = Snyder | first4 = S. D.
| last5 = Rajapakse | first5 = R. P. V. J.
| last6 = Loker | first6 = E. S.
| doi = 10.1645/GE-3515.1
| title = An Approach to Revealing Blood Fluke Life Cycles, Taxonomy, and Diversity: Provision of Key Reference Data Including Dna Sequence from Single Life Cycle Stages
| journal = Journal of Parasitology
| volume = 92
| issue = 1
| pages = 77–88
| year = 2006
| pmid = 16629320
| pmc =2519025
}}</ref> Southeast Asia (for example [[List of non-marine molluscs of Thailand|Thailand]]),<ref name="Liu 2010"/> central Asia ([[List of non-marine molluscs of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]),<ref>[[File:PD-icon.svg|15px]] [[Alan Solem|Solem A.]] (1979) "Some mollusks from Afghanistan". ''[[Fieldiana Zoology]]'' new series '''1''': 1-89. cited pages [https://archive.org/stream/somemollusksfrom01fiel#page/n24/mode/1up/ 11]-12.</ref> Arabia and Africa.<ref name="Liu 2010"/>

The type locality of ''Indoplanorbis exustus'' is marshes on the coast of [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] in southwestern India.<ref name="Brown 1994"/>

''Indoplanorbis exustus'' is a common snail across Southeast Asia and the Indian sub-continent.<ref name="Liu 2010"/> The snail is also found in the Middle East ([[Oman]]<ref name="Brown 1985"/> and [[Socotra]]<ref name="Brown 1994"/>) and [[List of non-marine molluscs of Nigeria|Nigeria]] and the Ivory Coast;<ref name="Liu 2010"/> these findings were attributed by Brandt (1974)<ref>Brandt, R. A. (1974). "The non-marine mollusca of Thailand". ''[[Archiv für Molluskenkunde]]'' '''105''': 1-423.</ref> to recent introductions by human activities (Brandt's view has been frequently cited in the literature on ''Indoplanorbis'').<ref name="Brown 1994">Brown D. S. (1994). ''Freshwater snails of Africa and their medical importance''. London: Taylor & Francis. 207-[https://books.google.com/books?id=iX81vNPrs_4C&lpg=PP1&dq=Freshwater%20snails%20of%20Africa%20and%20their%20medical%20importance&hl=cs&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q=Indoplanorbis&f=false 208].</ref><ref name="Liu 2010"/><ref name="Brown 1985">{{Cite journal | last1 = Brown | first1 = D. S. | last2 = Gallagher | first2 = M. D. | doi = 10.1007/BF00004192 | title = Freshwater snails of Oman, South Eastern Arabia | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 127 | issue = 2 | pages = 125 | year = 1985 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref><ref name="Pointier 2005">{{Cite journal | last1 = Pointier | first1 = J. P. | last2 = Pointier | first2 = J. P. | last3 = David | first3 = P. | last4 = Jarne | first4 = P. | title = Biological invasions: The case of planorbid snails | doi = 10.1079/JOH2005292 | journal = Journal of Helminthology | volume = 79 | issue = 3 | pages = 249–256 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16153319| pmc = }}.</ref> In contrast to Asia, the well documented appearance of the snail in Africa (e.g., Nigeria<ref name="Kristensen 1987">{{Cite journal | last1 = Kristensen | first1 = T. K. | last2 = Ogunnowof | first2 = O. | doi = 10.1093/mollus/53.2.245 | title = Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes, 1834), a freshwater snail new for Africa, found in Nigeria (Pulmonata: Planorbidae) | journal = Journal of Molluscan Studies | volume = 53 | issue = 2 | pages = 245 | year = 1987 | pmid = | pmc = }}, [http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/53/2/245 abstract].</ref> and Ivory Coast<ref>Mouchet F., Rey J. L. & Cunin P. (1987). "Découverte d'''Indoplanorbis exustus'' (Planorbidae, Bulininae) à Yamossoukro, Côte d'Ivoire". ''Bull Soc Pathol Exot'' '''80''': 811-812.</ref>) and more recently (2002) in the Lesser Antilles,<ref name="Pointier 2005"/> is almost certainly the result of introductions through human activities over the last 50–100 years.<ref name="Liu 2010"/>

This species is already established in the USA, and is considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a [[pest (organism)|pest]], an [[invasive species]] which could negatively affect agriculture, natural ecosystems, human health or commerce. Therefore it has been suggested that this species be given top national [[quarantine]] significance in the USA.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Cowie | first1 = R. H. | last2 = Dillon | first2 = R. T. | last3 = Robinson | first3 = D. G. | last4 = Smith | first4 = J. W. | title = Alien Non-Marine Snails and Slugs of Priority Quarantine Importance in the United States: A Preliminary Risk Assessment | doi = 10.4003/006.027.0210 | journal = American Malacological Bulletin | volume = 27 | pages = 113 | year = 2009 | pmid = | pmc = }} [http://dillonr.people.cofc.edu/Cowie-et-al-2009.pdf PDF].</ref>

=== Biogeography ===
Meier-Brook (1984)<ref>Meier-Brook C. (1984). "A preliminary biogeography of freshwater pulmonate gastropods". ''World-wide snails '''1''': 23-27.</ref> adopted an African ([[Gondwana]]n) origin for ''Indoplanorbis'' with rafting to Asia since the [[Cretaceous]] on the northward migrating [[Indian craton]]; this author also considered a Europe to Southwest Asia tract or an Africa to South India dispersal.<ref name="Liu 2010"/> Morgan et al. (2002)<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Morgan | first1 = J. | last2 = Dejong | first2 = R. J. | last3 = Jung | first3 = Y. | last4 = Khallaayoune | first4 = K. | last5 = Kock | first5 = S. | last6 = Mkoji | first6 = G. M. | last7 = Loker | first7 = E. S. | title = A phylogeny of planorbid snails, with implications for the evolution of Schistosoma parasites | doi = 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00280-4 | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 477–488 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12450752| pmc = }}.</ref> attributed the occurrence of ''Indoplanorbis'' in India to colonization (from Africa) via the Middle East land connection.<ref name="Liu 2010"/> Clearly the two different dispersal mechanisms imply very different chronologies; the Gondwanan vicariance hypothesis implies that proto-''Indoplanorbis'' has been present in India since the late Eocene (35 Ma; India: Asia collision), whereas dispersal via
the [[Sinai-Levant]] suggests a Plio-[[Pleistocene]] arrival.<ref name="Liu 2010"/> The results by Liu et al. (2010) indicated a radiation beginning in the late Miocene with a divergence of an ancestral bulinine lineage into [[Assam]] and peninsular India clades.<ref name="Liu 2010"/> A Southeast Asian clade diverged from the peninsular India clade late-Pliocene; this clade then radiated at a much more rapid pace to colonize all of the sampled range of ''Indoplanorbis'' in the mid-Pleistocene.<ref name="Liu 2010"/>

== Description ==
[[File:Indoplanorbis exustus reproductive system part.png|thumb|Part of the [[reproductive system of gastropods|reproductive system]] of ''Indoplanorbis exustus'':<br/>
v.d. = vas deferens,<br/>
p.s. = penis heath,<br/>
sp. = sperm duct,<br/>
p. = penis,<br/>
e.p. = external opening.]]
The [[gastropod shell|shell]] of this species, like all planorbids is sinistral in coiling, but is carried upside down and thus appears to be dextral. The shell of ''Indoplanorbis exustus'' is discoid with rapidly increasing [[whorl (mollusc)|whorls]].<ref name="Brown 1994"/> Each whorl is higher than it is wide.<ref name="Brown 1994"/> The width of the shell is 5<ref name="Kristensen 1987"/>-25&nbsp;mm.<ref name="Brown 1994"/> The height of the shell is 4.5<ref name="Kristensen 1987"/>-13&nbsp;mm.<ref name="Brown 1994"/>

{|
|[[File:Indoplanorbis_exustus_01.JPG|upright=3|left|thumb|Five views of a shell.]]

|}
''[[Planorbella duryi]]''<!-- mentioned as Helisoma duryi --> and ''[[Biomphalaria pfeifferi]]'' have similar shells.<ref name="Kristensen 1987"/>

Because of its wide distribution, various aspects of ''Indoplanorbis exustus'' have been studied, such as its calcium regulation<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Vaidya | first1 = D. P. | last2 = Nagabhushanam | first2 = R. | doi = 10.1007/BF00016532 | title = Calcium regulation in the freshwater snail indoplanorbis exustus during shell repair | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 69 | pages = 29 | year = 1980 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> and its [[hemocyte]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Mahilini | first1 = H. M. | last2 = Rajendran | first2 = A. | doi = 10.1016/j.jip.2007.07.007 | title = Categorization of hemocytes of three gastropod species Trachea vittata (Muller), Pila globosa (Swainson) and Indoplanorbis exustus (Dehays) | journal = Journal of Invertebrate Pathology | volume = 97 | issue = 1 | pages = 20–26 | year = 2008 | pmid = 17765918| pmc = }}.</ref>

== Ecology ==
In captivity ''Indoplanorbis exustus'' can be reared on [[lettuce]]<ref name="Haas 1990">{{Cite journal
| last1 = Haas | first1 = W.
| last2 = Granzer | first2 = M.
| last3 = Brockelman | first3 = C. R.
| title = Finding and recognition of the bovine host by the cercariae of Schistosoma spindale
| journal = Parasitology research
| volume = 76
| issue = 4
| pages = 343–350
| year = 1990
| pmid = 2336448
| doi=10.1007/bf00928190
}}</ref> and [[spinach]].<ref name="Parashar 1986"/> Its diet is sometimes supplemented with sheep's [[liver]]<ref name="Parashar 1986"/> and it can be given rat food to prepare for breeding.<ref name="Parashar 1986">{{Cite journal | last1 = Parashar | first1 = B. D. | last2 = Kumar | first2 = A. | last3 = Rao | first3 = K. M. | doi = 10.1093/mollus/52.2.120 | title = Role of Food in Mass Cultivation of the Freshwater Snail Indoplanorbis Exustus, Vector of Animal Schistosomiasis | journal = Journal of Molluscan Studies | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 120 | year = 1986 | pmid = | pmc = }}, [http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/52/2/120 abstract].</ref>

=== Habitat ===
The snail is found in small ponds, pools, and less commonly in [[paddy field|rice paddy fields]].<ref name="Liu 2010"/> The snail may also occur in semi-permanent pools formed in flooded areas of fields, where it can survive the dry season buried in mud.<ref name="Liu 2010"/> The [[desiccation tolerance]] of adult snails is high, while the resistance of juvenile snails is very low.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Parashar | first1 = B. D.
| last2 = Rao | first2 = K. M.
| title = Effect of desiccation on freshwater snail, Indoplanorbis exustus, intermediate host of schistosomiasis
| journal = Japanese journal of medical science & biology
| volume = 35
| issue = 5–6
| pages = 243–247
| year = 1982
| pmid = 7161940
}}</ref> Consequently, dispersal may occur in clumps of mud adhered to the bodies of cattle or across water in vegetation mats. It is possible it could be transported by birds.<ref name="Liu 2010"/>

=== Life cycle ===
''Indoplanorbis exustus'' is a [[hermaphroditic]] [[Invasive species|invasive]] snail species with high [[fecundity]].<ref name="Liu 2010"/> Within one year of introduction the snail is able to colonize habitats with well established populations of other pulmonate and prosobranch snails.<ref name="Liu 2010"/> The snail requires a water temperature in excess of 15&nbsp;°C for maturation.<ref name="Liu 2010"/> At the optimum temperature of 30&nbsp;°C each snail can lay up to 800 eggs.<ref name="Liu 2010"/> There is from 2 to 43 eggs in one cluster with an average 20 eggs in one cluster.<ref name="Raut 2002"/> The capacity for self-fertilization and high fecundity probably underlies the invasive potential of the species.<ref name="Liu 2010"/> The average life span of ''Indoplanorbis exustus'' is 4 months<ref name="Raut 2002"/> and during this time it lays about 60 egg clusters.<ref name="Raut 2002"/>

=== Predators ===
Eggs of ''Indoplanorbis exustus'' were experimentally predated and destroyed by ''[[Pomacea bridgesii]]''.<ref name="Raut 2002">Raut S. K. & Aditya G. (2002). "Destruction of ''Indoplanorbis exustus'' (Planorbidae) eggs by ''Pomacea bridgesi'' (Ampullariidae)". ''[[Molluscan Research]]'' '''22'''(1): 87-90. [http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=MR02002.pdf PDF].</ref> Raut & Aditya (2002) hypothetized that ''Pomacea bridgesii'' could be a potential [[biocontrol]] agent for ''Indoplanorbis exustus''.<ref name="Raut 2002"/>

=== Parasites ===
''Indoplanorbis'' is of economic importance in that it is responsible for the transmission of several species of the genus ''[[Schistosoma]]'' which infect cattle and cause reduced [[livestock]] productivity.<ref name="Liu 2010"/> The snail is also of medical importance as a source of [[cercarial dermatitis]] among rural workers, particularly in India.<ref name="Liu 2010"/>

''Indoplanorbis exustus'' is best known as the intermediate host responsible for the [[Transmission (medicine)|transmission]] of ''[[Schistosoma nasale]]'' and ''[[Schistosoma spindale|S. spindale]]'', as well as other trematodes such as ''[[Echinostoma]]'' spp. and some [[spirorchiidae|spirorchids]].<ref name="Liu 2010"/> A third species of ''Schistosoma'', ''[[Schistosoma indicum|S. indicum]]'' (Montgomery, 1906), is also transmitted by ''I. exustus''.<ref name="Liu 2010"/> Other snails have been implicated in transmission of these three ''Schistosoma'' species (such as ''[[Lymnaea luteola]]'', a host for ''S. indicum'' and ''S. nasale'', and ''[[Lymnaea acuminata|L. acuminata]]'', a host for ''S. nasale'' and ''S. spindale''), ''I. exustus'' is the most important host for ''S. nasale'' and ''S. spindale'', as well as for ''S. indicum'' in certain regions. ''I. exustus'' may be the sole natural intermediate host for these three ''Schistosoma'' species on the Indian sub-continent.<ref name="Liu 2010"/>

''Indoplanorbis exustus'' is also an intermediate host for:
* ''[[Artyfechinostomum malayanum]]'' - as the first intermediate host<ref name="Chai 2009">{{Cite journal | last1 = Chai | first1 = J. Y. | last2 = Shin | first2 = E. H. | last3 = Lee | first3 = S. H. | last4 = Rim | first4 = H. J. | title = Foodborne Intestinal Flukes in Southeast Asia | doi = 10.3347/kjp.2009.47.S.S69 | journal = The Korean Journal of Parasitology | volume = 47 | issue = Supplement | pages = S69–102 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19885337| pmc =2769220 }}</ref>
* ''[[Hypoderaeum conoideum]]'' - as the first intermediate host<ref name="Chai 2009"/>
* ''[[Fasciola gigantica]]''<ref name=iucn/>
* ''[[Paramphistomum mehrai]]''<ref name=iucn/>
* ''[[Paramphistomum explanatum]]''<ref name=iucn/>
* ''[[Gastrodiscus secundus]]''<ref name=iucn/>
* ''[[Petagifer srivastavi]]''<ref name=iucn/>
* ''[[Plasmiorchis orientalis]]''<ref name=iucn/>
* ''[[Pseudodiscus collinsi]]''<ref name=iucn/>
* ''[[Gastrothylax crumenifer]]''<ref name=iucn/>
* ''[[Enterohaemotrema paleorticum]]''<ref name=iucn/>
* ''[[Cotylophoron cotylophorum]]''<ref name=iucn/>
* ''[[Cotylophoron indica]]''<ref name=iucn/>
* ''[[Cotylophoron bhaleraoi]]''<ref name=iucn/>
* ''[[Cotylophoron mathurapurensis]]''<ref name=iucn/>

''Indoplanorbis exustus'' has been implicated in outbeaks of [[cercarial dermatitis]] in human populations in India, Laos, Malaysia and Thailand.<ref name="Liu 2010"/> Cercarial dermatitis results from the cutaneous [[allergic reaction]] in people exposed to larval schistosomes ([[cercariae]]) shed by infected snails into freshwater bodies such as lakes, ponds, and paddy fields.<ref name="Liu 2010"/> The cercariae cause [[pruritis]] and papular eruptions, with often severe secondary infections, as they attempt to infect a non-permissive definitive host and die in the skin.<ref name="Liu 2010"/>

=== Toxicology ===
Aqueous extract of a common medicinal plant of India ''[[Pedialanthus tithymaloide]]'' ([[Euphorbiaceae]]) has [[molluscicide|molluscicidal]] activity against ''Indoplanorbis exustus''.<ref>Tiwari S., Singh S. K. & Singh A. (2005). "THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE ANTICHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY OF ''Pedialanthus tithymaloide'' TO ITS MOLLUSCICIDAL ACTIVITY". ''African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative medicines'' '''2'''(3): 326-336. [http://journals.sfu.ca/africanem/index.php/ajtcam/article/viewArticle/37 abstract].</ref>

Ethanol extract of ''[[Solanum xanthocarpum]]'' has molluscicidal activity against ''Indoplanorbis exustus'' [[Median lethal dose|LC<sub>50</sub>]] = 198.00&nbsp;mg/l and LC<sub>90</sub> = 236.80&nbsp;mg/l.<ref>Changbunjong T., Wongwit W., Leemingsawat S., Tongtokit Y. & Deesin V. (2010). "Effect of crude extract of ''Solanum xanthocarpum'' against snails and mosquito larvae". ''The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health'' '''41'''(2): 320-325. PMID 20578514</ref>

The latex of ''[[Euphorbia milii]]'' has molluscicidal activity against ''Indoplanorbis exustus'' that depends on its hybrid of the plant.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Sermsart | first1 = B.
| last2 = Sripochang | first2 = S.
| last3 = Suvajeejarun | first3 = T.
| last4 = Kiatfuengfoo | first4 = R.
| title = The molluscicidal activities of some Euphorbia milii hybrids against the snail Indoplanorbis exustus
| journal = The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health
| volume = 36 Suppl 4
| pages = 192–195
| year = 2005
| pmid = 16438208
}}. [http://www.tm.mahidol.ac.th/seameo/2005_36_spp4/36sup4_192.pdf PDF].</ref>

The molluscicidal activity of latex of ''[[Cascabela thevetia]]'', ''[[Alstonia scholaris]]'' and ''[[Euphorbia pulcherrima]]'' against ''Indoplanorbis exustus'' was examined by Singh & Sunil (2005).<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = A. | last2 = Singh | first2 = S. K. | doi = 10.1016/j.fitote.2005.08.002 | title = Molluscicidal evaluation of three common plants from India | journal = Fitoterapia | volume = 76 | issue = 7–8 | pages = 747–751 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16253436| pmc = }}.</ref>

==参考文献==
本條目包括部分來自以CC 2.0分享的參考文獻開源內容。
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Albrecht 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Albrecht |first1=C. |last2=Kuhn |first2=K. |last3=Streit |first3=B. |year=2007 |title=A molecular phylogeny of Planorboidea (Gastropoda, Pulmonata): insights from enhanced taxon sampling |journal=''[[Zoologica Scripta]]'' |volume=36 |pages=27-39 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00258.x |language=en }}</ref>
<ref name=iucn>Budha, P.B., et al. 2012. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/165594/0 ''Indoplanorbis exustus''.] In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. Downloaded on 04 July 2013.</ref>
<ref name='id11254'>{{cite web | url = http://www.bioinfo.cn/db05/BjdwSpecies.php?action=view&id=11254 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20160305014149/http://www.bioinfo.cn/db05/BjdwSpecies.php?action=view&id=11254 | title = 印度扁卷螺 | work = 《中国动物物种编目数据库》 | publisher = 中国科学院微生物研究所 | author = 中国科学院动物研究所 |accessdate=2009-04-28 |archivedate=2016-03-05 |accessdate=2016-10-01 |language=zh-hans }}</ref>
<ref name="Liu 2010">{{Cite journal | last1 = Liu | first1 = L. | last2 = Mondal | first2 = M. M. | last3 = Idris | first3 = M. A. | last4 = Lokman | first4 = H. S. | last5 = Rajapakse | first5 = P. V. J. | last6 = Satrija | first6 = F. | last7 = Diaz | first7 = J. L. | last8 = Upatham | first8 = E. S. | last9 = Attwood | first9 = S. W. | title = The phylogeography of Indoplanorbis exustus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Asia | doi = 10.1186/1756-3305-3-57 | journal = Parasites & Vectors | volume = 3 | pages = 57 | year = 2010 | pmid = | pmc = }}.</ref>
}}


==外部連結==
==外部連結==
*{{Wikispecies-inline |Indoplanorbis exustus}}
{{commons category|Indoplanorbis exustus}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline |Indoplanorbis exustus}}
* {{NCBI|191797|''Indoplanorbis exustus''}}
* [[Frank Collins Baker|Baker F. C.]] (1945). ''The molluscan family Planorbidae''. The University of Illinois Press, Urbana. [https://archive.org/stream/molluscanfamilyp00bake#page/196/mode/2up/ 196]-201.
* Raut S. K. (1986). "Disease transmitting snails. II. Population studies of ''Indoplanorbis exustus'' Deshayes." First year PRS Thesis in Science, University of Calcutta.
* {{Cite journal
| last1 = Raut | first1 = S. K.
| last2 = Rahman | first2 = M. S.
| last3 = Samanta | first3 = S. K.
| title = Influence of temperature on survival, growth and fecundity of the freshwater snail Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes)
| journal = Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
| volume = 87
| issue = 1
| pages = 15–19
| year = 1992
| pmid = 1308545
| doi=10.1590/s0074-02761992000100003
}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Yapi | first1 = Y. | last2 = n'Goran | first2 = K. E. | last3 = Salia | first3 = D. | last4 = Cunin | first4 = P. | last5 = Bellec | first5 = C. | title = Population dynamics of Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes, 1834) (Gastropoda: Planorbidae), an exotic freshwater snail recently discovered at Yamoussoukro (Ivory Coast) | doi = 10.1093/mollus/60.1.83 | journal = Journal of Molluscan Studies | volume = 60 | pages = 83 | year = 1994 | pmid = | pmc = }}.

{{软体动物小作品}}
{{软体动物小作品}}


[[Category:印度扁卷螺属|exustus]]
[[Category:印度扁卷螺属| ]]
[[Category:單種屬動物]]

2016年10月11日 (二) 01:15的版本

印度扁卷螺

保护状况
科學分類
界： 动物界 Animalia
門： 软体动物门 Mollusca
綱： 腹足綱 Gastropoda
（未分级） clade Heterobranchia

clade Euthyneura
clade Panpulmonata
clade Hygrophila

總科： Planorboidea
科： 扁蜷螺科 Planorbidae
亞科： Bulininae
族： Bulinini[2]
屬： 印度扁卷螺属 Indoplanorbis
Annandale & Prashad, 1921[3][4]
種： 印度扁卷螺 I. exustus
二名法
Indoplanorbis exustus
(Deshayes, 1834)[5][6]

異名
  • Planorbis exustus Deshayes, 1834[7][8]

印度扁卷螺属（学名：Indoplanorbis）為一種會呼吸空氣的淡水螺的一個屬，屬於軟體動物門[腹足綱]]有肺類扁蜷螺科的动物。本屬的唯一物種為印度扁卷螺（Indoplanorbis exustus）。本物種廣泛分佈於熱帶地區，包括印度、缅甸、斯里兰卡、印度尼西来、泰国、马来西亚以及中国大陆的云南等地，主要生活于湖泊沿岸带、池塘以及沼泽地等淡水和微咸水域[6]。 It serves as an important intermediate host for several trematode parasites.[9] The invasive nature and ecological tolerance of Indoplanorbis exustus add to its importance in veterinary and medical science.[9]

Taxonomy

Indoplanorbis exustus is the only known species in the genus Indoplanorbis. In spite of its long history and wide geographical range, it is thought that Indoplanorbis includes only a single species.[9] However phylogeography research by Liu et al. (2010)[9] revealed the phylogenetic depth of divergences between the Indian clades and Southeast Asian clades, together with habitat and parasitological differences suggest that Indoplanorbis exustus may comprise more than one species.[9]

The most phylogenetically related genus to Indoplanorbis is genus Bulinus.[10]

Distribution map of Indoplanorbis exustus

Distribution

The freshwater snail Indoplanorbis exustus is found across Iran,[11] Nepal,[11] India, Sri Lanka,[12] Southeast Asia (for example Thailand),[9] central Asia (Afghanistan),[13] Arabia and Africa.[9]

The type locality of Indoplanorbis exustus is marshes on the coast of Malabar in southwestern India.[7]

Indoplanorbis exustus is a common snail across Southeast Asia and the Indian sub-continent.[9] The snail is also found in the Middle East (Oman[14] and Socotra[7]) and Nigeria and the Ivory Coast;[9] these findings were attributed by Brandt (1974)[15] to recent introductions by human activities (Brandt's view has been frequently cited in the literature on Indoplanorbis).[7][9][14][16] In contrast to Asia, the well documented appearance of the snail in Africa (e.g., Nigeria[10] and Ivory Coast[17]) and more recently (2002) in the Lesser Antilles,[16] is almost certainly the result of introductions through human activities over the last 50–100 years.[9]

This species is already established in the USA, and is considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a pest, an invasive species which could negatively affect agriculture, natural ecosystems, human health or commerce. Therefore it has been suggested that this species be given top national quarantine significance in the USA.[18]

Biogeography

Meier-Brook (1984)[19] adopted an African (Gondwanan) origin for Indoplanorbis with rafting to Asia since the Cretaceous on the northward migrating Indian craton; this author also considered a Europe to Southwest Asia tract or an Africa to South India dispersal.[9] Morgan et al. (2002)[20] attributed the occurrence of Indoplanorbis in India to colonization (from Africa) via the Middle East land connection.[9] Clearly the two different dispersal mechanisms imply very different chronologies; the Gondwanan vicariance hypothesis implies that proto-Indoplanorbis has been present in India since the late Eocene (35 Ma; India: Asia collision), whereas dispersal via the Sinai-Levant suggests a Plio-Pleistocene arrival.[9] The results by Liu et al. (2010) indicated a radiation beginning in the late Miocene with a divergence of an ancestral bulinine lineage into Assam and peninsular India clades.[9] A Southeast Asian clade diverged from the peninsular India clade late-Pliocene; this clade then radiated at a much more rapid pace to colonize all of the sampled range of Indoplanorbis in the mid-Pleistocene.[9]

Description

File:Indoplanorbis exustus reproductive system part.png
Part of the reproductive system of Indoplanorbis exustus:
v.d. = vas deferens,
p.s. = penis heath,
sp. = sperm duct,
p. = penis,
e.p. = external opening.

The shell of this species, like all planorbids is sinistral in coiling, but is carried upside down and thus appears to be dextral. The shell of Indoplanorbis exustus is discoid with rapidly increasing whorls.[7] Each whorl is higher than it is wide.[7] The width of the shell is 5[10]-25 mm.[7] The height of the shell is 4.5[10]-13 mm.[7]

Five views of a shell.

Planorbella duryi and Biomphalaria pfeifferi have similar shells.[10]

Because of its wide distribution, various aspects of Indoplanorbis exustus have been studied, such as its calcium regulation[21] and its hemocytes.[22]

Ecology

In captivity Indoplanorbis exustus can be reared on lettuce[23] and spinach.[24] Its diet is sometimes supplemented with sheep's liver[24] and it can be given rat food to prepare for breeding.[24]

Habitat

The snail is found in small ponds, pools, and less commonly in rice paddy fields.[9] The snail may also occur in semi-permanent pools formed in flooded areas of fields, where it can survive the dry season buried in mud.[9] The desiccation tolerance of adult snails is high, while the resistance of juvenile snails is very low.[25] Consequently, dispersal may occur in clumps of mud adhered to the bodies of cattle or across water in vegetation mats. It is possible it could be transported by birds.[9]

Life cycle

Indoplanorbis exustus is a hermaphroditic invasive snail species with high fecundity.[9] Within one year of introduction the snail is able to colonize habitats with well established populations of other pulmonate and prosobranch snails.[9] The snail requires a water temperature in excess of 15 °C for maturation.[9] At the optimum temperature of 30 °C each snail can lay up to 800 eggs.[9] There is from 2 to 43 eggs in one cluster with an average 20 eggs in one cluster.[26] The capacity for self-fertilization and high fecundity probably underlies the invasive potential of the species.[9] The average life span of Indoplanorbis exustus is 4 months[26] and during this time it lays about 60 egg clusters.[26]

Predators

Eggs of Indoplanorbis exustus were experimentally predated and destroyed by Pomacea bridgesii.[26] Raut & Aditya (2002) hypothetized that Pomacea bridgesii could be a potential biocontrol agent for Indoplanorbis exustus.[26]

Parasites

Indoplanorbis is of economic importance in that it is responsible for the transmission of several species of the genus Schistosoma which infect cattle and cause reduced livestock productivity.[9] The snail is also of medical importance as a source of cercarial dermatitis among rural workers, particularly in India.[9]

Indoplanorbis exustus is best known as the intermediate host responsible for the transmission of Schistosoma nasale and S. spindale, as well as other trematodes such as Echinostoma spp. and some spirorchids.[9] A third species of Schistosoma, S. indicum (Montgomery, 1906), is also transmitted by I. exustus.[9] Other snails have been implicated in transmission of these three Schistosoma species (such as Lymnaea luteola, a host for S. indicum and S. nasale, and L. acuminata, a host for S. nasale and S. spindale), I. exustus is the most important host for S. nasale and S. spindale, as well as for S. indicum in certain regions. I. exustus may be the sole natural intermediate host for these three Schistosoma species on the Indian sub-continent.[9]

Indoplanorbis exustus is also an intermediate host for:

Indoplanorbis exustus has been implicated in outbeaks of cercarial dermatitis in human populations in India, Laos, Malaysia and Thailand.[9] Cercarial dermatitis results from the cutaneous allergic reaction in people exposed to larval schistosomes (cercariae) shed by infected snails into freshwater bodies such as lakes, ponds, and paddy fields.[9] The cercariae cause pruritis and papular eruptions, with often severe secondary infections, as they attempt to infect a non-permissive definitive host and die in the skin.[9]

Toxicology

Aqueous extract of a common medicinal plant of India Pedialanthus tithymaloide (Euphorbiaceae) has molluscicidal activity against Indoplanorbis exustus.[28]

Ethanol extract of Solanum xanthocarpum has molluscicidal activity against Indoplanorbis exustus LC50 = 198.00 mg/l and LC90 = 236.80 mg/l.[29]

The latex of Euphorbia milii has molluscicidal activity against Indoplanorbis exustus that depends on its hybrid of the plant.[30]

The molluscicidal activity of latex of Cascabela thevetia, Alstonia scholaris and Euphorbia pulcherrima against Indoplanorbis exustus was examined by Singh & Sunil (2005).[31]

参考文献

本條目包括部分來自以CC 2.0分享的參考文獻開源內容。

  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 Budha, P.B., et al. 2012. Indoplanorbis exustus. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. Downloaded on 04 July 2013.
  2. ^ Albrecht, C.; Kuhn, K.; Streit, B. A molecular phylogeny of Planorboidea (Gastropoda, Pulmonata): insights from enhanced taxon sampling. Zoologica Scripta. 2007, 36: 27–39. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00258.x （英语）. 
  3. ^ Annandale, N. and B. Prashad. (1921). caption Aquatic Pulmonata: 565-592. Indoplanorbis is on pages 578-582. In: Annandale N., Prashad B. & Amin-ud-Din (1921). "The Aquatic and Amphibious Molluscs of Manipur". Records of the Indian Museum 22(4): 528-632.
  4. ^ Prashad, B. & N. Annandale. (1921). "Report on a collection of Sumatran Molluscs from Fresh and Brackish water". Records of the Indian Museum 22(4): 461-508. Indoplanorbis is on pages 472-473.
  5. ^ Deshayes G. P. (1834). in: Bélanger C. Voyage aux Indes-Orientales, Zool. 3: 417. plate 1, figures 11-13.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 中国科学院动物研究所. 印度扁卷螺. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2016-10-01]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05） （中文（简体））. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Brown D. S. (1994). Freshwater snails of Africa and their medical importance. London: Taylor & Francis. 207-208.
  8. ^ Preston, H. B. (1915). Mollusca. Freshwater Gastropoda & Pelecypoda. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Taylor & Francis, London, 244 pp., 29 figs. 115-116.
  9. ^ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 9.20 9.21 9.22 9.23 9.24 9.25 9.26 9.27 9.28 9.29 9.30 9.31 Liu, L.; Mondal, M. M.; Idris, M. A.; Lokman, H. S.; Rajapakse, P. V. J.; Satrija, F.; Diaz, J. L.; Upatham, E. S.; Attwood, S. W. The phylogeography of Indoplanorbis exustus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Asia. Parasites & Vectors. 2010, 3: 57. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-3-57. .
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Kristensen, T. K.; Ogunnowof, O. Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes, 1834), a freshwater snail new for Africa, found in Nigeria (Pulmonata: Planorbidae). Journal of Molluscan Studies. 1987, 53 (2): 245. doi:10.1093/mollus/53.2.245. , abstract.
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Glöer, P. and V. Pešić. (2012). "The freshwater snails (Gastropoda) of Iran, with descriptions of two new genera and eight new species". ZooKeys 219: 11-61, doi:10.3897/zookeys.219.3406.
  12. ^ Brant, S. V.; Morgan, J. A. T.; Mkoji, G. M.; Snyder, S. D.; Rajapakse, R. P. V. J.; Loker, E. S. An Approach to Revealing Blood Fluke Life Cycles, Taxonomy, and Diversity: Provision of Key Reference Data Including Dna Sequence from Single Life Cycle Stages. Journal of Parasitology. 2006, 92 (1): 77–88. PMC 2519025 可免费查阅. PMID 16629320. doi:10.1645/GE-3515.1. 
  13. ^ Solem A. (1979) "Some mollusks from Afghanistan". Fieldiana Zoology new series 1: 1-89. cited pages 11-12.
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Brown, D. S.; Gallagher, M. D. Freshwater snails of Oman, South Eastern Arabia. Hydrobiologia. 1985, 127 (2): 125. doi:10.1007/BF00004192. 
  15. ^ Brandt, R. A. (1974). "The non-marine mollusca of Thailand". Archiv für Molluskenkunde 105: 1-423.
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Pointier, J. P.; Pointier, J. P.; David, P.; Jarne, P. Biological invasions: The case of planorbid snails. Journal of Helminthology. 2005, 79 (3): 249–256. PMID 16153319. doi:10.1079/JOH2005292. .
  17. ^ Mouchet F., Rey J. L. & Cunin P. (1987). "Découverte d'Indoplanorbis exustus (Planorbidae, Bulininae) à Yamossoukro, Côte d'Ivoire". Bull Soc Pathol Exot 80: 811-812.
  18. ^ Cowie, R. H.; Dillon, R. T.; Robinson, D. G.; Smith, J. W. Alien Non-Marine Snails and Slugs of Priority Quarantine Importance in the United States: A Preliminary Risk Assessment. American Malacological Bulletin. 2009, 27: 113. doi:10.4003/006.027.0210.  PDF.
  19. ^ Meier-Brook C. (1984). "A preliminary biogeography of freshwater pulmonate gastropods". World-wide snails 1: 23-27.
  20. ^ Morgan, J.; Dejong, R. J.; Jung, Y.; Khallaayoune, K.; Kock, S.; Mkoji, G. M.; Loker, E. S. A phylogeny of planorbid snails, with implications for the evolution of Schistosoma parasites. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2002, 25 (3): 477–488. PMID 12450752. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00280-4. .
  21. ^ Vaidya, D. P.; Nagabhushanam, R. Calcium regulation in the freshwater snail indoplanorbis exustus during shell repair. Hydrobiologia. 1980, 69: 29. doi:10.1007/BF00016532. 
  22. ^ Mahilini, H. M.; Rajendran, A. Categorization of hemocytes of three gastropod species Trachea vittata (Muller), Pila globosa (Swainson) and Indoplanorbis exustus (Dehays). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 2008, 97 (1): 20–26. PMID 17765918. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2007.07.007. .
  23. ^ Haas, W.; Granzer, M.; Brockelman, C. R. Finding and recognition of the bovine host by the cercariae of Schistosoma spindale. Parasitology research. 1990, 76 (4): 343–350. PMID 2336448. doi:10.1007/bf00928190. 
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Parashar, B. D.; Kumar, A.; Rao, K. M. Role of Food in Mass Cultivation of the Freshwater Snail Indoplanorbis Exustus, Vector of Animal Schistosomiasis. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 1986, 52 (2): 120. doi:10.1093/mollus/52.2.120. , abstract.
  25. ^ Parashar, B. D.; Rao, K. M. Effect of desiccation on freshwater snail, Indoplanorbis exustus, intermediate host of schistosomiasis. Japanese journal of medical science & biology. 1982, 35 (5–6): 243–247. PMID 7161940. 
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 Raut S. K. & Aditya G. (2002). "Destruction of Indoplanorbis exustus (Planorbidae) eggs by Pomacea bridgesi (Ampullariidae)". Molluscan Research 22(1): 87-90. PDF.
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 Chai, J. Y.; Shin, E. H.; Lee, S. H.; Rim, H. J. Foodborne Intestinal Flukes in Southeast Asia. The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 2009, 47 (Supplement): S69–102. PMC 2769220 可免费查阅. PMID 19885337. doi:10.3347/kjp.2009.47.S.S69. 
  28. ^ Tiwari S., Singh S. K. & Singh A. (2005). "THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE ANTICHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY OF Pedialanthus tithymaloide TO ITS MOLLUSCICIDAL ACTIVITY". African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative medicines 2(3): 326-336. abstract.
  29. ^ Changbunjong T., Wongwit W., Leemingsawat S., Tongtokit Y. & Deesin V. (2010). "Effect of crude extract of Solanum xanthocarpum against snails and mosquito larvae". The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health 41(2): 320-325. PMID 20578514
  30. ^ Sermsart, B.; Sripochang, S.; Suvajeejarun, T.; Kiatfuengfoo, R. The molluscicidal activities of some Euphorbia milii hybrids against the snail Indoplanorbis exustus. The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health. 2005,. 36 Suppl 4: 192–195. PMID 16438208. . PDF.
  31. ^ Singh, A.; Singh, S. K. Molluscicidal evaluation of three common plants from India. Fitoterapia. 2005, 76 (7–8): 747–751. PMID 16253436. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2005.08.002. .

外部連結

维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：印度扁卷螺
  • Baker F. C. (1945). The molluscan family Planorbidae. The University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 196-201.
  • Raut S. K. (1986). "Disease transmitting snails. II. Population studies of Indoplanorbis exustus Deshayes." First year PRS Thesis in Science, University of Calcutta.
  • Raut, S. K.; Rahman, M. S.; Samanta, S. K. Influence of temperature on survival, growth and fecundity of the freshwater snail Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1992, 87 (1): 15–19. PMID 1308545. doi:10.1590/s0074-02761992000100003. 
  • Yapi, Y.; n'Goran, K. E.; Salia, D.; Cunin, P.; Bellec, C. Population dynamics of Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes, 1834) (Gastropoda: Planorbidae), an exotic freshwater snail recently discovered at Yamoussoukro (Ivory Coast). Journal of Molluscan Studies. 1994, 60: 83. doi:10.1093/mollus/60.1.83. .
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