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{{taxobox
{{Taxobox
| image =
| image = Kuriirokomimi0903-1.jpg
| image_caption = A live but retracted individual of ''[[Laemodonta siamensis]]'' on a human hand. A partially torn [[epiphragm]] of dried mucus is visible in the [[Aperture (mollusc)|aperture]] of the shell
| image_caption =
| status =
| status_system =
| regnum = [[動物界]] Animalia
| regnum = [[動物界]] Animalia
| phylum = [[軟體動物門]] Mollusca
| phylum = [[軟體動物門]] Mollusca
| classis = [[腹足綱]] Gastropoda
| classis = [[腹足綱]] Gastropoda
| unranked_ordo =
| ordo = [[原始有肺目]] Archaeopulmonata
clade [[Heterobranchia]]<br/>
| familia = [[耳螺科]] Ellobiidae
clade [[Euthyneura]]<br/>
| familia_authority =
clade [[Panpulmonata]]<br/>
| synonyms =
clade [[Eupulmonata]]
|}}
| superfamilia = '''耳螺總科 Ellobioidea'''
| superfamilia_authority = [[Ludwig Karl Georg Pfeiffer|Pfeiffer]], 1854
| familia = '''耳螺科 Ellobiidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Ludwig Karl Georg Pfeiffer|Pfeiffer]], 1854
| synonyms_ref= <ref name="WoRMS_198" />
| synonyms = Melampidae <small>Stimpson, 1851</small>
| diversity_ref = <ref name="Weigand 2013"/>
| diversity_link = Diversity of gastropods
| diversity =
about 250 valid specific names
}}
[[File:Ellobium pyramidale-2.jpg|thumb|Drawing of shells of ''[[Ellobium pyramidale]]''.]]


'''Ellobiidae''', common name the '''hollow-shelled snails''', is a [[family (biology)|family]] of small air-breathing [[land snail]]s, [[terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] [[pulmonate]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusk]]s in the clade [[Eupulmonata]].<ref name="WoRMS_198">Bouchet, P. (2012). Ellobiidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=198 on 2012-08-19 </ref> Ellobiidae is the only family in the superfamily '''Ellobioidea''', according to the [[Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)|taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005]]).<ref name="Bouchet 2005">{{Bouchet 2005}}</ref>
耳螺科包括有以下物種<ref name=shelldoc_000008>{{cite journal |url=http://shell.sinica.edu.tw/chinese/documentquery_c.php?No=000008 |year=1974 |authorlink=林朝棨 |first=C. C. |last=Lin |volume=1 |pages=42-63 |title=蘭嶼之貝類及其動物地理（Mollusks of Lan-Yu (Orchid Island), and their zoogeography）|journal=[[貝友|貝類學報]] (Bulletin of Malacology) |publisher=[[中華民國貝類學會]] (The Malacological Society of Taiwan) }}</ref>：

*[[豔耳螺]] ''[[Melampus flavus]]'' (Gmelin)＝''[[Melampus luteus]]'' (Quoy et Gaimard)
==Anatomy==
*[[栗耳螺]] ''[[Melampus castaneus]]'' (Muehlfeld)＝''[[Melampus caffer]]'' (Kiener)＝''[[Melampus nuxiia nuxiia]]''
In this family, the number of [[haploid]] [[chromosome]]s lies between 16 and 20 (according to the values in this table).<ref name="Barker">Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: ''Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology''. in Barker G. M. (ed.): ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WlvX-9Wt0toC&hl The biology of terrestrial molluscs]''. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, ISBN 0-85199-318-4. 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.</ref>
*[[花豹耳螺]] ''[[Pythia pantherina]]'' (A. Adams)

*[[厚皮耳螺]] ''[[Pythia pachyodon]]'' Pilsbry et Hirase
They have a distinctive mode of locomotion arising due to a split sole. The front part of the sole adheres to the substrate and then the rear part of the sole is drawn up to the front part. <ref>{{cite book|last=Herbert,dai and|first=Kilburn, Dick|title=Field Guide to the Land Snails and Slugs of Eastern South Africa|year=2004|publisher=Natal Museum|location=Scottsville, South Africa|isbn=0-620-32415-5|page=98}}</ref>
*[[娜娜耳螺]] ''[[Pythia nana]]'' Bavay

*''[[Pythia pantherina]]''
==系統分類==
Species are traditionally classified into five taxonomic groups, the Pythiidae, the Laemodontidae, the Melampodidae, the Ellobiidae and the Carychiidae.<ref name="Weigand 2013"/> These taxa have been recognized either as families within Ellobioidea or as sub-families within the family Ellobiidae.<ref name="Weigand 2013"/>

The family Ellobiidae consists of the following subfamilies (according to the [[Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)|taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005]]):<ref name="Bouchet 2005"/>
* subfamily Ellobiinae [[Ludwig Karl Georg Pfeiffer|Pfeiffer]], 1854 (1822)
* subfamily [[Carychiinae]] Jeffreys, 1830
* subfamily [[Melampinae]] Stimpson, 1851 (1850)
* subfamily [[Pedipedinae]] P. Fischer & Crosse, 1880
* subfamily [[Pythiinae]] [[Nils Hjalmar Odhner|Odhner]], 1925 (1880)
* † subfamily [[Zaptychiinae]] Wenz, 1938

The high degree of [[homoplasy]] in morphological characters and frequent low variability has led to the description of approximately 800 species names available in the literature, of which 250 are likely to be valid.<ref name="Weigand 2013"/>

A molecular study by Dayrat at al. (2011)<ref>Dayrat B., Conrad M., Balayan S., White T. R., Albrecht C., Golding R., Gomes S., Harasewych M. G., de Frias Martins A. M. (2011). "Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of pulmonate gastropods (Mollusca): new insights from increased taxon sampling". ''[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]]'' '''59''': 425-437. {{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.014}}.</ref> for the Ellobioidea suggests a [[monophyletic]] origin of the entire group.<ref name="Weigand 2013"/>

===屬===
Genera within the family Ellobiidae include:

subfamily Ellobiinae
* ''[[Ellobium]]'' [[Peter Friedrich Röding|Röding]], 1798

subfamily Carychiinae
* ''[[Carychium]]'' O. F. Müller, 1773
* ''[[Zospeum]]'' Bourguignat, 1856

subfamily Melampinae
* ''[[Melampus (gastropod)|Melampus]]'' [[Pierre Denys de Montfort|Montfort]], 1810
**[[豔耳螺]] ''[[Melampus flavus]]'' (Gmelin)＝''[[Melampus luteus]]'' (Quoy et Gaimard)<ref name=shelldoc_000008 />
**[[栗耳螺]] ''[[Melampus castaneus]]'' (Muehlfeld)＝''[[Melampus caffer]]'' (Kiener)＝''[[Melampus nuxiia nuxiia]]''<ref name=shelldoc_000008 />

subfamily Pedipedinae
* ''[[Pedipes]]'' [[André Étienne d'Audebert de Férussac|Férussac]], 1821

subfamily Pythiinae
* ''[[Cassidula]]'' Gray, 1847
*''[[Laemodonta]]'' [[Rodolfo Armando Philippi|Philippi]], 1846
*''[[Myosotella]]'' [[Tommaso Allery de Maria Monterosato|Monterosato]], 1906
* ''[[Pythia (gastropod)|Pythia]]'' Röding, 1798 - type genus of the subfamily Pythiinae.
**[[花豹耳螺]] ''[[Pythia pantherina]]'' (A. Adams)<ref name=shelldoc_000008 />
**[[厚皮耳螺]] ''[[Pythia pachyodon]]'' Pilsbry et Hirase<ref name=shelldoc_000008 />
**[[娜娜耳螺]] ''[[Pythia nana]]'' Bavay<ref name=shelldoc_000008 />
**''[[Pythia pantherina]]''<ref name=shelldoc_000008 />

† subfamily [[Zaptychiinae]]
* † ''[[Zaptychius]]'' Walcott, 1883 - type genus of the subfamily

subfamily ?
* ''[[Allochroa]]'' Ancey, 1887
* ''[[Auriculastra]]'' Martens, 1880
* ''[[Auriculinella]]'' Tausch, 1886
* ''[[Auriculodes]]'' Strand, 1928
* ''[[Blauneria]]'' [[Robert James Shuttleworth|Shuttleworth]], 1854
* ''[[Creedonia]]'' Martins, 1996
* ''[[Detracia]]'' [[John Edward Gray|Gray]] in [[William Turton|Turton]], 1840
* ''[[Leuconopsis]]'' [[Frederick Wollaston Hutton|Hutton]], 1884
* ''[[Marinula]]'' King & Broderip, 1832
* ''[[Microtralia]]'' [[W. H. Dall|Dall]], 1894
* ''[[Ophicardelus]]'' Beck, 1838
* ''[[Ovatella]]'' Bivona, 1832
* ''[[Pleuroloba]]'' Hyman, Rouse & Ponder, 2005
* ''[[Pseudomelampus]]'' Pallary, 1900
* ''[[Tralia]]'' [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1840
;Genera brought into synonymy:
* ''Alexia'' Leach in Gray, 1847: synonym of ''[[Myosotella]]'' Monterosato, 1906
* ''Auricula'' Lamarck, 1799: synonym of ''[[Ellobium]]'' Röding, 1798
* ''Cremnobates'' Swainson, 1855: synonym of ''[[Marinula]]'' King & Broderip, 1832
* ''Jaminia'' T. Brown, 1827: synonym of ''[[Myosotella]]'' Monterosato, 1906
* ''Kochia'' Pallary, 1900: synonym of ''[[Myosotella]]'' Monterosato, 1906
* ''Laimodonta'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855: synonym of ''[[Laemodonta]]'' Philippi, 1846
* ''Leuconia'' Gray, 1840: synonym of ''[[Auriculinella]]'' Tausch, 1886
* ''Leucopepla'' Peile, 1926: synonym of ''[[Auriculinella]]'' Tausch, 1886
*''Leucophytia'' Winckworth, 1949: synonym of ''[[Auriculinella]]'' Tausch, 1886
* ''Monica'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855: synonym of ''[[Ovatella]]'' Bivona-Bernardi, 1832
* ''Nealexia'' Wenz, 1920: synonym of ''[[Myosotella]]'' Monterosato, 1906
* ''Phytia'': synonym of ''[[Pythia (gastropod)|Pythia]]'' Röding, 1798
* ''Pira'' H. & A. Adams, 1855: synonym of ''[[Melampus]]'' Montfort, 1810
* ''Plecotrema'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854: synonym of ''[[Laemodonta]]'' Philippi, 1846
* ''Rangitotoa'' Powell, 1933: synonym of ''[[Microtralia]]'' Dall, 1894
;Taxonomic note:
Genus ''Sarnia'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 (temporary name, Sarnia ''[H. & A. Adams, 1855 (September), The Genera of Recent Mollusca, 2: 239''] is an incorrect subsequent spelling of ''Siona'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 which is a junior homonym of ''[[Siona (moth)|Siona]]'' Duponchel, 1829 [Lepidoptera].)

== Ecology ==
The taxon Ellobioidea comprises a group of morphologically and ecologically highly diverse snails, known to have successfully invaded the marine, brackish water and terrestrial habitats.<ref name="Weigand 2013"/>

These are mostly snails that live in [[salt marsh]]es and similar [[ocean|maritime]] habitats, and thus have a tolerance for saline conditions.


==参考文献==
==参考文献==
This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference<ref name="Weigand 2013" />
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist |refs=
<ref name=shelldoc_000008>{{cite journal |url=http://shell.sinica.edu.tw/chinese/documentquery_c.php?No=000008 |year=1974 |authorlink=林朝棨 |first=C. C. |last=Lin |volume=1 |pages=42-63 |title=蘭嶼之貝類及其動物地理（Mollusks of Lan-Yu (Orchid Island), and their zoogeography）|journal=[[貝友|貝類學報]] (Bulletin of Malacology) |publisher=[[中華民國貝類學會]] (The Malacological Society of Taiwan) }}</ref>
<ref name="Weigand 2013">Weigand A. M., Jochum A., Slapnik R., Schnitzler J., Zarza E. & Klussmann-Kolb A. (2013). "Evolution of microgastropods (Ellobioidea, Carychiidae): integrating taxonomic, phylogenetic and evolutionary hypotheses". ''[[BMC Evolutionary Biology]]'' '''13''': 18. {{doi|10.1186/1471-2148-13-18}}.</ref>
}}


==外部連結==
==外部連結==
{{Commons category|Ellobiidae}}
* {{wikispecies-inline|Ellobiidae}}
* {{wikispecies-inline|Ellobiidae}}
* {{NCBI|69683|Melampidae}}


{{Animal-stub}}
{{Animal-stub}}

2016年10月31日 (一) 00:51的版本

耳螺科
A live but retracted individual of Laemodonta siamensis on a human hand. A partially torn epiphragm of dried mucus is visible in the aperture of the shell
A live but retracted individual of Laemodonta siamensis on a human hand. A partially torn epiphragm of dried mucus is visible in the aperture of the shell
科學分類
界： 動物界 Animalia
門： 軟體動物門 Mollusca
綱： 腹足綱 Gastropoda
（未分级） clade Heterobranchia

clade Euthyneura
clade Panpulmonata
clade Eupulmonata

總科： 耳螺總科 Ellobioidea
Pfeiffer, 1854
科： 耳螺科 Ellobiidae
Pfeiffer, 1854
多樣性
about 250 valid specific names
異名[1]

Melampidae Stimpson, 1851

Drawing of shells of Ellobium pyramidale.

Ellobiidae, common name the hollow-shelled snails, is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata.[1] Ellobiidae is the only family in the superfamily Ellobioidea, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).[2]

Anatomy

In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 16 and 20 (according to the values in this table).[3]

They have a distinctive mode of locomotion arising due to a split sole. The front part of the sole adheres to the substrate and then the rear part of the sole is drawn up to the front part. [4]

系統分類

Species are traditionally classified into five taxonomic groups, the Pythiidae, the Laemodontidae, the Melampodidae, the Ellobiidae and the Carychiidae.[5] These taxa have been recognized either as families within Ellobioidea or as sub-families within the family Ellobiidae.[5]

The family Ellobiidae consists of the following subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005):[2]

The high degree of homoplasy in morphological characters and frequent low variability has led to the description of approximately 800 species names available in the literature, of which 250 are likely to be valid.[5]

A molecular study by Dayrat at al. (2011)[6] for the Ellobioidea suggests a monophyletic origin of the entire group.[5]

屬

Genera within the family Ellobiidae include:

subfamily Ellobiinae

subfamily Carychiinae

subfamily Melampinae

subfamily Pedipedinae

subfamily Pythiinae

† subfamily Zaptychiinae

  • † Zaptychius Walcott, 1883 - type genus of the subfamily

subfamily ?

Genera brought into synonymy
  • Alexia Leach in Gray, 1847: synonym of Myosotella Monterosato, 1906
  • Auricula Lamarck, 1799: synonym of Ellobium Röding, 1798
  • Cremnobates Swainson, 1855: synonym of Marinula King & Broderip, 1832
  • Jaminia T. Brown, 1827: synonym of Myosotella Monterosato, 1906
  • Kochia Pallary, 1900: synonym of Myosotella Monterosato, 1906
  • Laimodonta H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855: synonym of Laemodonta Philippi, 1846
  • Leuconia Gray, 1840: synonym of Auriculinella Tausch, 1886
  • Leucopepla Peile, 1926: synonym of Auriculinella Tausch, 1886
  • Leucophytia Winckworth, 1949: synonym of Auriculinella Tausch, 1886
  • Monica H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855: synonym of Ovatella Bivona-Bernardi, 1832
  • Nealexia Wenz, 1920: synonym of Myosotella Monterosato, 1906
  • Phytia: synonym of Pythia Röding, 1798
  • Pira H. & A. Adams, 1855: synonym of Melampus Montfort, 1810
  • Plecotrema H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854: synonym of Laemodonta Philippi, 1846
  • Rangitotoa Powell, 1933: synonym of Microtralia Dall, 1894
Taxonomic note

Genus Sarnia H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 (temporary name, Sarnia [H. & A. Adams, 1855 (September), The Genera of Recent Mollusca, 2: 239] is an incorrect subsequent spelling of Siona H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 which is a junior homonym of Siona Duponchel, 1829 [Lepidoptera].)

Ecology

The taxon Ellobioidea comprises a group of morphologically and ecologically highly diverse snails, known to have successfully invaded the marine, brackish water and terrestrial habitats.[5]

These are mostly snails that live in salt marshes and similar maritime habitats, and thus have a tolerance for saline conditions.

参考文献

This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference[5]

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Bouchet, P. (2012). Ellobiidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=198 on 2012-08-19
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á. & Warén, A. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. OCLC 61351079. OL 42989175M. S2CID 83847814. 
  3. ^ Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, ISBN 0-85199-318-4. 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.
  4. ^ Herbert,dai and, Kilburn, Dick. Field Guide to the Land Snails and Slugs of Eastern South Africa. Scottsville, South Africa: Natal Museum. 2004: 98. ISBN 0-620-32415-5. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Weigand A. M., Jochum A., Slapnik R., Schnitzler J., Zarza E. & Klussmann-Kolb A. (2013). "Evolution of microgastropods (Ellobioidea, Carychiidae): integrating taxonomic, phylogenetic and evolutionary hypotheses". BMC Evolutionary Biology 13: 18. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-18.
  6. ^ Dayrat B., Conrad M., Balayan S., White T. R., Albrecht C., Golding R., Gomes S., Harasewych M. G., de Frias Martins A. M. (2011). "Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of pulmonate gastropods (Mollusca): new insights from increased taxon sampling". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59: 425-437. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.014.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Lin, C. C. 蘭嶼之貝類及其動物地理（Mollusks of Lan-Yu (Orchid Island), and their zoogeography）. 貝類學報 (Bulletin of Malacology) (中華民國貝類學會 (The Malacological Society of Taiwan)). 1974, 1: 42–63. 

外部連結

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