侧鳃科：修订间差异

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{{Taxobox
| image = Pleurobranchus forskali.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Pleurobranchus forskalii]]''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Mollusca]]
| classis = [[Gastropoda]]
| unranked_superfamilia =
clade [[Heterobranchia]]<br/>
clade [[Euthyneura]]<br/>
clade [[Nudipleura]]<br> clade '''Pleurobranchomorpha'''
| superfamilia = '''Pleurobranchoidea'''
| superfamilia_authority = Gray, 1827
| familia = '''Pleurobranchidae'''
| familia_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1827<!-- THIS REFERENCE IS INVALID <ref >{{cite book | title=Synopsis methodica molluscorum generum omnium et specierum earum quae in museo Menkeano adservantur| last=Menke| first=C.T.| date=1828| pages=91| publisher=Uslar| location=Pyrmonti}}</ref> --> <ref>Encyclopaedia metropolitana, Volume 7, Plates to Zoology; plate Mollusca III (plate 4)</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamilia|Subfamilies]]
| subdivision =
* Pleurobranchinae <small> Gray, 1827 </small>
** Tribe Pleurobranchini <small> Gray, 1827 </small>
** Tribe Bathyberthellini <small> Garcia, Troncoso, Cervera & Garcia-Gomez, 1996 </small>
** Tribe Berthellini <small> Burn, 1962 </small>
* Pleurobranchaeinae <small> Pilsbry, 1896 </small>
| type_genus = ''[[Pleurobranchus]]''
| type_genus_authority = Cuvier, 1804
| synonyms_ref = <ref>Bouchet, P. (2011). [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1755 Pleurobranchidae.] Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2011-06-30</ref>
| synonyms =
* ''Bathyberthellini'' <small>Garcia, Troncoso, Cervera & Garcia-Gomez, 1996</small>
* ''Berthellinae'' <small>Burn, 1962</small>
* ''Pleurobranchinae'' <small>Gray, 1827</small>
}}

[[File:Pleurobranchaea meckelii.jpg|thumb|''[[Pleurobranchaea meckelii]]'']]
'''侧鳃科'''（學名：{{lang|la|Pleurobranchidae}}），亦作'''側鰓海牛科'''，是[[背楯目]]之下的一個科{{r|TaiBIF}}。
'''侧鳃科'''（學名：{{lang|la|Pleurobranchidae}}），亦作'''側鰓海牛科'''，是[[背楯目]]之下的一個科{{r|TaiBIF}}。
The '''Pleurobranchidae''' are a [[taxonomic]] [[family (biology)|family]] of [[sea slug]]s, [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusc]]s in the [[clade]] [[Pleurobranchomorpha]]. Species in the family Pleurobranchidae have a prominent [[mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] and an internal shell that becomes reduced or is lost completely in adults.<ref name="Notaspidea">{{cite journal | author=R. Willan| title=Phylogenetic systematics of the Notaspidea (Opisthobranchia) with a reappraisal of families and genera| journal=Am. Malacol. Bull.| year=1987| volume=5| pages=215–241}}</ref> Some adult species have been seen feeding on [[ascidian]]s. [[Larva]]l pleurobranchids can be planktotrophic (feeding on [[plankton]]), lecithotrophic (deriving nutrition from [[yolk]]), or direct developing.

Many species produce secretions from their rich glandular mantle as a chemical defense against predators.<ref name="mucus">{{cite journal |author1=Aldo Spinella |author2=Ernesto Mollo |author3=Enrico Trivellone |author4=Guido Cimino | title=Testudinariol A and B, two unusual triterpenoids from the skin and the mucus of the marine mollusc ''Pleurobranchus testudinarius''| journal=Tetrahedron| date=December 1997| volume=53| issue=49| url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6THR-3SDCT91-V&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=b54fd176224b1354702ef12999bd20d2| pages=16891–16896| doi=10.1016/S0040-4020(97)10124-7}}</ref>
Even the production of [[sulfuric acid]] has been reported.<ref name="secretions">{{cite journal | author=T. Thompson| title=Acidic allomones in marine organisms| journal=J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK| year=1988| volume=68| pages=499–517 | doi=10.1017/S0025315400043368 | issue=3}}</ref>


==分類==
==分類==
Until 2005, this family was placed in the suborder [[Notaspidea]]. However, in the [[Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)|taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi]] (2005), the family Pleurobranchidae was placed in the superfamily '''Pleurobranchoidea''', the only family belonging to the subclade '''Pleurobranchomorpha''' (sister to the subclade Nudibranchia), part of the clade [[Nudipleura]].

以下為本科之下的屬和物種{{r|TaiBIF|WoRMS_535693}}：
以下為本科之下的屬和物種{{r|TaiBIF|WoRMS_535693}}：
* ''[[Berthellina]]''
* ''[[Berthellina]]''
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** ''[[Pleurobranchus forskalii]]'' {{small|(Ruppell et Leuckart, 1828)}}
** ''[[Pleurobranchus forskalii]]'' {{small|(Ruppell et Leuckart, 1828)}}
** [[明月侧鳃]] ''[[Euselenops luniceps]]'' {{small|([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1817)}}<ref>Cuvier G. (1817). ''Le Règne Animal''. volume 2 (Gasteropodes): [https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi02cuviuoft#page/396/mode/2up page 396]; volume 4 (Plates): [https://archive.org/stream/flergneanimald04cuvi#page/n226/mode/1up plate 11], figure 2.</ref>
** [[明月侧鳃]] ''[[Euselenops luniceps]]'' {{small|([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1817)}}<ref>Cuvier G. (1817). ''Le Règne Animal''. volume 2 (Gasteropodes): [https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi02cuviuoft#page/396/mode/2up page 396]; volume 4 (Plates): [https://archive.org/stream/flergneanimald04cuvi#page/n226/mode/1up plate 11], figure 2.</ref>

===Subfamily Pleurobranchinae===
*''[[Bathyberthella]]''
**''[[Bathyberthella antarctica]]'' <small> Willan and Bertsch, 1987 </small><ref name="Bathyberthella">{{cite journal |author1=Francisco José García |author2=José Carlos García-Gómez |author3=Jesús S. Troncoso |author4=Juan Lucas Cervera | title=A descriptive study of some Antarctic notaspidean opisthobranchs (Gastropoda), with description of a new genus and species| journal=Polar Biology| date=May 1994| volume=14| issue=4| url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/w86q176w64494412/| pages=261–268| doi=10.1007/bf00239174}}</ref>
*''[[Berthella]]'' <small>[[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|de Blainville]], 1824</small>
**''[[Berthella africana]]'' <small> Pruvot-Fol, 1953 </small><ref>Cervera et al. (2000). A new species of ''Berthella'' Blainville, 1824 (Opisthobranchia: Notaspidea) from the Canary Islands (Eastern Atlantic Ocean), with a re-examination of the phylogenetic relationships of the Notaspidea. ''J.Moll. Stud.'', 66: 3001-311.</ref>
**''[[Berthella agassizi]]'' <small>MacFarland, 1909 </small>
**''[[Berthella americana]]'' <small> A. E. Verrill, 1885 </small>
**''[[Berthella aurantiaca]]'' <small> [[Antoine Risso|Risso]], 1818 </small>
**''[[Berthella caledonica]]'' <small> [[W.H. Dall|Dall]], 1900 </small>
**''[[Berthella californica]]'' <small> [[W.H. Dall|Dall]], 1900 </small> California sidegill slug
**''[[Berthella canariensis]]'' <small> Cervera, J.L., T.M. Gosliner, J.C. García-Gómez & J. Ortea, 2000 </small>
**''[[Berthella elongata]]'' <small> Cantraine, 1835 </small>
**''[[Berthella martensi]]'' <small> Pilsbry, 1896 </small>
**''[[Berthella medietas]]'' <small> R. Burn, 1962 </small>
**''[[Berthella ocellata]]'' <small>delle Chiaje, 1830 </small>
**''[[Berthella ornata]]'' <small> T.F. Cheeseman, 1878 </small>
**''[[Berthella patagonica]]'' <small> [[d'Orbigny]], 1837 </small>
**''[[Berthella platei]]'' <small> Bergh, 1898 </small><ref>{{cite journal | author=Michael Schrödl| title=The genus ''Berthella'' Blainville, 1825 (Notaspidea, : Pleurobranchidae) from Magellanic waters | journal=Journal of Molluscan Studies| year=1999| volume=65| url=http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/65/4/399| pages=399–409| doi=10.1093/mollus/65.4.399|issue=4}}</ref>
**''[[Berthella plumula]]'' <small>[[George Montagu (naturalist)|Montagu]], 1803 </small>
**''[[Berthella sideralis]]'' <small>Lovén, 1846 </small>
**''[[Berthella stellata]]'' <small>[[Antoine Risso|Risso]], 1826 </small>
**''[[Berthella strongi]]'' <small> MacFarland, 1966 </small>
**''[[Berthella tamiu]]'' <small> Ev. Marcus, 1984 </small><ref>Marcus, Ev. 1984. The Western Atlantic warm water Notaspidea (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia), Parte 2 Boletim de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo 8 p. 43-76.</ref>
**''[[Berthella tupala]]'' <small> Er. Marcus, 1957 </small>
*''[[Berthellina]]'' <small> Gardiner, 1936 </small>
**''[[Berthellina amarillus]]'' <small> Mattox, 1953 </small>
**''[[Berthellina americanus]]'' <small> Verrill, 1885 </small>
**''[[Berthellina circularis]]'' <small> [[Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch|Mörch]], 1863 </small>
**''[[Berthellina citrina]]'' <small> Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828 </small> (synonym of ''Gymnotoplax citrina'' <small>Er. Marcus, 1957 </small>)
**''[[Berthellina delicata]]'' <small> W.H. Pease, 1861 </small>
**''[[Berthellina edwardsi]]'' <small>Vayssière, 1897 </small>
**''[[Berthellina engeli]]'' <small> Gardiner, 1936 </small>
**''[[Berthellina granulata]]'' <small>(Krauss, 1848)</small>
**''[[Berthellina ilisima]]'' <small> Marcus, Er. & Ev. Marcus, 1967 </small>
**''[[Berthellina quadridens]]'' <small> [[Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch|Mörch]], 1863 </small> (junior synonym of ''Gymnotoplax quadridens'')<ref>[[Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch|Mörch]], 1863. Contributions à la faune malacologique des Antilles danoises Journal de Conchyliologie 11 21-43.</ref>
* ''[[Boreoberthella]]'' <small>Martynov & Schrödl, 2009</small>
*''[[Bouvieria]]'' <small> Vayssière, 1896 </small>: synonym of ''Berthella'' <small>Blainville, 1824</small>
**''[[Bouvieria auriantiaca]]'' <small>[[Antoine Risso|Risso]], 1813 </small>
**''[[Bouvieria ocellata]]'' <small> S. delle Chiaje, 1828 </small>
**''[[Bouvieria perforata]]'' <small> [[Rodolfo Amando Philippi|Philippi]], 1844 </small>
*''[[Gigantonotum]]'': synonym of ''Berthella'' <small>Blainville, 1824</small>
**''[[Gigantonotum album]]'' <small> Lin, G. & S. Tchang, 1965 </small>
*''[[Gymnotoplax]]'' <small> Pilsbry, 1896 </small>: synonym of ''Berthella'' <small>Blainville, 1824</small>
**''[[Gymnotoplax citrina]]'' <small>Er. Marcus, 1957 </small>
**''[[Gymnotoplax engeli]]'' <small> Gardiner, 1936 </small>
**''[[Gymnotoplax quadridens]]''
*''[[Oscanius]]'' <small> Leach, 1847 </small>: synonym of ''Pleurobranchus'' <small>Cuvier, 1804</small>
**''[[Oscanius tuberculatus]]'' <small>Meckel, 1808 </small>
*''[[Parabathyberthella]]'': synonym of ''Bathyberthella'' <small>Willan, 1983</small>
**''[[Parabathyberthella eltanini]]'' <small> [[Richard Dell|Dell]], 1990 </small>
**''[[Parabathyberthella orcadensis]]'' <small> Talavera, F.G., J.C. García-Gómez, J.S. Troncoso & J.L. Cervera, 1994 </small>
*''[[Pleurehdera]]'' <small>Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1970</small>
**''[[Pleurehdera haraldi]]'' <small>Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1970</small>
*''[[Pleurobranchus]]'' <small> [[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1805 </small>
*''[[Polictenidia]]'': synonym of ''Bathyberthella'' <small>Willan, 1983</small>
**''[[Polictenidia tomasi]]'' <small> Talavera, F.G., J.S. Troncoso, J.L. Cervera & J.C. García-Gómez, 1996 </small>
*''[[Susania]]'': synonym of ''Pleurobranchus'' <small>Cuvier, 1804</small>
**''[[Susania testudinaria]]'' <small> Cantraine, F.J., 1840 </small> (synonym of ''Pleurobranchus testudinarius'')
*''[[Tomthompsonia]]''
**''[[Tomthompsonia antarctica]]'' <small> [[Johannes Thiele (zoologist)|Thiele]], 1912 </small>

===Subfamily Pleurobranchaeinae===
Raised to the rank of family [[Pleurobranchaeidae]] <small>Pilsbry, 1896</small>


==參考資料==
==參考資料==
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}}
}}


==外部連結==
{{Commons category|Pleurobranchidae}}
*{{cite news |url=https://www.yahoo.com/finance/video/scientists-just-collected-mysterious-purple-160836944.html |title=Scientists just collected a mysterious 'purple orb' at the bottom of the ocean, but no one could anticipate what happened next |work=[[Business Insider]] |format=Video |date=July 30, 2016 |accessdate=July 30, 2016}}
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/137821#page/314/mode/1up Richard C. Willan, Description of a New Pleurobranch (Opisthobranchia, Notaspidea) from Antarctic with a review of Notaspideans from South Polar Seas; The Veliger 29 (3), 1987 p. 292-302]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3167714}}
[[Category:Pleurobranchidae| ]]
[[Category:侧鳃科| ]]
[[Category:侧鳃科| ]]

2018年3月19日 (一) 23:30的版本

侧鳃科
Pleurobranchus forskalii
科學分類
界： Animalia
門： Mollusca
綱： Gastropoda
總科： Pleurobranchoidea
Gray, 1827
科： Pleurobranchidae
Gray, 1827 [1]
模式屬
Pleurobranchus
Cuvier, 1804
Subfamilies
  • Pleurobranchinae Gray, 1827
    • Tribe Pleurobranchini Gray, 1827
    • Tribe Bathyberthellini Garcia, Troncoso, Cervera & Garcia-Gomez, 1996
    • Tribe Berthellini Burn, 1962
  • Pleurobranchaeinae Pilsbry, 1896
異名[2]
  • Bathyberthellini Garcia, Troncoso, Cervera & Garcia-Gomez, 1996
  • Berthellinae Burn, 1962
  • Pleurobranchinae Gray, 1827
Pleurobranchaea meckelii

侧鳃科（學名：Pleurobranchidae），亦作側鰓海牛科，是背楯目之下的一個科[3]。 The Pleurobranchidae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Pleurobranchomorpha. Species in the family Pleurobranchidae have a prominent mantle and an internal shell that becomes reduced or is lost completely in adults.[4] Some adult species have been seen feeding on ascidians. Larval pleurobranchids can be planktotrophic (feeding on plankton), lecithotrophic (deriving nutrition from yolk), or direct developing.

Many species produce secretions from their rich glandular mantle as a chemical defense against predators.[5] Even the production of sulfuric acid has been reported.[6]

分類

Until 2005, this family was placed in the suborder Notaspidea. However, in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the family Pleurobranchidae was placed in the superfamily Pleurobranchoidea, the only family belonging to the subclade Pleurobranchomorpha (sister to the subclade Nudibranchia), part of the clade Nudipleura.

以下為本科之下的屬和物種[3][7]：

Subfamily Pleurobranchinae

Subfamily Pleurobranchaeinae

Raised to the rank of family Pleurobranchaeidae Pilsbry, 1896

參考資料

  1. ^ Encyclopaedia metropolitana, Volume 7, Plates to Zoology; plate Mollusca III (plate 4)
  2. ^ Bouchet, P. (2011). Pleurobranchidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2011-06-30
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Notaspidea 背楯目. TaiBIF. [2018-03-20] （中文（繁體））. 
  4. ^ R. Willan. Phylogenetic systematics of the Notaspidea (Opisthobranchia) with a reappraisal of families and genera. Am. Malacol. Bull. 1987, 5: 215–241. 
  5. ^ Aldo Spinella; Ernesto Mollo; Enrico Trivellone; Guido Cimino. Testudinariol A and B, two unusual triterpenoids from the skin and the mucus of the marine mollusc Pleurobranchus testudinarius. Tetrahedron. December 1997, 53 (49): 16891–16896. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(97)10124-7. 
  6. ^ T. Thompson. Acidic allomones in marine organisms. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK. 1988, 68 (3): 499–517. doi:10.1017/S0025315400043368. 
  7. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为WoRMS_535693的参考文献提供内容
  8. ^ Cuvier G. (1817). Le Règne Animal. volume 2 (Gasteropodes): page 396; volume 4 (Plates): plate 11, figure 2.
  9. ^ Francisco José García; José Carlos García-Gómez; Jesús S. Troncoso; Juan Lucas Cervera. A descriptive study of some Antarctic notaspidean opisthobranchs (Gastropoda), with description of a new genus and species. Polar Biology. May 1994, 14 (4): 261–268. doi:10.1007/bf00239174. 
  10. ^ Cervera et al. (2000). A new species of Berthella Blainville, 1824 (Opisthobranchia: Notaspidea) from the Canary Islands (Eastern Atlantic Ocean), with a re-examination of the phylogenetic relationships of the Notaspidea. J.Moll. Stud., 66: 3001-311.
  11. ^ Michael Schrödl. The genus Berthella Blainville, 1825 (Notaspidea, : Pleurobranchidae) from Magellanic waters. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 1999, 65 (4): 399–409. doi:10.1093/mollus/65.4.399. 
  12. ^ Marcus, Ev. 1984. The Western Atlantic warm water Notaspidea (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia), Parte 2 Boletim de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo 8 p. 43-76.
  13. ^ Mörch, 1863. Contributions à la faune malacologique des Antilles danoises Journal de Conchyliologie 11 21-43.

外部連結

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