懶吼猴：修订间差异
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2009年2月18日 (三) 09:26的版本
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懶吼猴（Alouatta pigra），又名紅面吼猴，是中美洲的一種吼猴。牠們分佈在伯利茲、瓜地馬拉及墨西哥等接近尤卡坦半島的地方。牠們棲息在常綠、半落葉及低地雨林。[2][3]雖然牠們與非洲的狒狒並非近親，但伯利茲仍稱呼牠們為「狒狒」。[4]在狒狒保留地（Community Baboon Sanctuary）及卡克斯康伯盆地野生保育區（Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary）及多個考古學位點都可以見到懶吼猴。[4][3]
特徵
The Guatemalan Black Howler is the largest of the howler monkey species and one of the largest of the New World Monkeys. On average, males weigh 11.4公斤（25磅） and females weigh 6.4公斤（14磅）.[5] The body is between 521、639 mm（20.5、25.2英寸） in length, excluding tail.[6] The tail is between 590、690 mm（23、27英寸） long. Adults of both sexes have long, black hair and a prehensile tail, while infants have brown fur.[6] Males over 4 months old have a white scrotum.[3]
The Guatemalan Black Howler shares several adaptations with other species of howler monkey that allow it to pursue a folivorous diet, that is a diet with a large component of leaves. Its molars have high shearing crests, to help it eat the leaves,[5] and males have an enlarged hyoid bone near the vocal chords.[7] This hyoid bone amplifies the male Mantled Howler's calls, allowing it to locate other males without expending much energy, which is important since leaves are a low-energy food. Howling occurs primarily at dawn and at dusk.[6]
The Guatemalan Black Howler is diurnal and arboreal.[3] It lives in groups that generally contain one or two adult males, with a ratio of about 1.3 females for every male.[6][5] Groups generally have between two and 10 members, including juveniles, but groups as large as 16 members have been studied.[3][5] The home range is between 3 and 25 hectares.[6] Population density can exceed 250 monkeys per square kilometer in the Community Baboon Sanctuary in Belize.[2]
The Guatemalan Black Howler's diet includes mostly leaves and fruit. Flowers also make up a small part of the diet. The breadnut tree can provide as much as 86% of the monkey's diet during some seasons.[5][6]
As with other howler monkey species, the majority of the Guatemalan Black Howler's day is spent resting. Eating makes up about a quarter of the day, moving about 10% of the day, and the remainder of the day is spent in socializing and other activities.[5]
Females reach sexual maturity at four years, and males reach sexual maturity between six and eight years. Males leave their natal group upon reaching sexual maturity, but females generally remain with their natal group. They can live up to 20 years.[6]
保育狀況
The species is considered to be endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature because it is believed that the species population will decline by up to 60% over the next 30 years. Threats to the species include habitat loss, hunting, and capture as pets.[2]
The Guatemalan Black Howler belongs to the New World monkey family Atelidae, which contains howler monkeys, spider monkeys, woolly monkeys and muriquis. It is a member of the howler monkey genus Alouatta. No subspecies are recognized.[1]
共域性
The Guatemalan Black Howler is sympatric with the Mantled Howler along the edges of its range in Mexico and Guatemala near the Yucatan Peninsula.[8][2] One theory for how this sympatry occurred and why the Guatemalan Black Howler has such a restricted range is that the ancestors of the Guatemalan Black Howler and the Central American Squirrel Monkey migrated to Central America from South America during the late Miocene or Pliocene. However, passage through the isthmus of Panama later closed due to rising oceans, and later opened up to another wave of migration about 2 million years ago. These later migrants, ancestors to modern populations of White-headed Capuchins, Mantled Howlers and Geoffroy's Spider Monkeys, out-competed the earlier migrants, leading to the restricted range of the Guatemalan Black Howler (and the Central American Squirrel Monkey).[9]
參考
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Groves, C.P. Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. , 编. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005: 149. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. LCCN 2005001870. OCLC 62265494. OL 3392515M. NLC 001238428.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Marsh, L.K., Cuarón, A.D., Cortés-Ortiz, L., Shedden, A., Rodríguez-Luna, E. & de Grammont, P.C,. Alouatta pigra. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. [26 October, 2008].
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Emmons, L. Neotropical Rainforest Mammals A Field Guide Second Edition. Chicago, Ill. ;London: Univ. of Chicago Pr. 1997: 130–131. ISBN 0-226-20721-8.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Hunter, L. & Andrew, D. Watching Wildlife Central America. Footscray, Vic.: Lonely Planet Publications. 2002: 150. ISBN 1-86450-034-4.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Di Fiore, A. and Campbell, C. The Atelines. Campbell, C., Fuentes, A., MacKinnon, K., Panger, M., & Bearder, S. (编). Primates in Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press. 2007: 155–177. ISBN 978-0-19-517133-4.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Rowe, N. The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. East Hampton, N.Y.: Pogonias Press. 1996: 110. ISBN 0-9648825-0-7.
- ^ Naper, J. & Napier, P. The Natural History of the Primates. The MIT Press. 1994: 123–124. ISBN 9780262640336.
- ^ Rylands, A., Groves, C., Mittermeier, R., Cortes-Ortiz, L., & Hines, J. Taxonomy and Distributions of Mesoamerican Primates. Estrada, A.; Garber, P.A.; Pavelka, M.S.M.; Luecke, L. (编). New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates. New York: Springer. 2006: 47–55. ISBN 978-0-387-25854-6.
- ^ Ford, S. The Biogeographic History of Mesoamerican Primates. Estrada, A.; Garber, P.A.; Pavelka, M.S.M.; Luecke, L. (编). New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates. New York: Springer. 2006: 100–107. ISBN 978-0-387-25854-6. doi:10.1007/b136304.
