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'''叶螨科'''（[[學名]]：{{lang|la|'''Tetranychidae'''}}）是[[蛛形綱]][[蜱蟎亞綱]][[真螨目]]之下的一個科<ref name="xinjiang">{{cite journal |url=http://www.0x94.com/doc/0MN1cCA5NE4hM5I5U.html |journal=新疆植保学会2012年学术年会 |title=新疆螨类研究进展 |author=[[张建萍]] |date=2012-04-07 |accessdate=2016-01-18 |language=zh-hans |location=[[新疆]][[烏魯木齊]] }}</ref>。葉蟎科有些物種為害果樹，被泛稱為'''果螨'''，俗称'''红蜘蛛'''或'''黄蜘蛛'''等<ref name="xinjiang" />，皆為[[植食性動物]]，身長從200到900微米不等<ref name="SpiderMitesWeb">{{cite book |first1=Alain |last1=Migeon |first2=Franck |last2=Dorkeld |title=Spider Mites Web: a comprehensive database for the Tetranychidae |url=http://www.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/spmweb |language=en |accessdate=2015-01-18 }}</ref>。
'''叶螨科'''（[[學名]]：{{lang|la|'''Tetranychidae'''}}）是[[蛛形綱]][[蜱蟎亞綱]][[真螨目]]之下的一個科<ref name="xinjiang">{{cite journal |url=http://www.0x94.com/doc/0MN1cCA5NE4hM5I5U.html |journal=新疆植保学会2012年学术年会 |title=新疆螨类研究进展 |author=[[张建萍]] |date=2012-04-07 |accessdate=2016-01-18 |language=zh-hans |location=[[新疆]][[烏魯木齊]] }}</ref>。葉蟎科有些物種為害果樹，被泛稱為'''果螨'''，俗称'''红蜘蛛'''或'''黄蜘蛛'''等<ref name="xinjiang" />，皆為[[植食性動物]]，身長從200到900微米不等<ref name="SpiderMitesWeb">{{cite book |first1=Alain |last1=Migeon |first2=Franck |last2=Dorkeld |title=Spider Mites Web: a comprehensive database for the Tetranychidae |url=http://www.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/spmweb |language=en |accessdate=2015-01-18 }}</ref>。
{{Taxobox
| name = Spider mites
| image = Tetranychus urticae with silk threads.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Tetranychus urticae]]''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Arachnid]]a
| subclassis = [[Acari]]
| ordo = [[Trombidiformes]]
| superfamilia = [[Tetranychoidea]]
| familia = '''Tetranychidae'''
| familia_authority = Donnadieu, 1875
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies & tribes
| subdivision =
'''Bryobinae''' <small>Berlese</small>
*Bryobini <small>Reck</small>
*Hystrichonychini <small>Pritchard & Baker</small>
*Petrobiini <small>Reck</small>
'''Tetranychinae''' <small>Berlese</small>
*Tenuipalpoidini <small>Pritchard & Baker</small>
*Tetranychini <small>Reck</small>
}}

'''Spider mites''' are members of the [[Acari]] (mite) family '''Tetranychidae''', which includes about 1,200 species.<ref>{{cite book |author=H. R. Bolland, Jean Gutierrez & Carlos H. W. Flechtmann |year=1997 |title=World Catalogue of the Spider Mite Family (Acari: Tetranychidae) |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-11087-8 |chapter=Introduction |pages=1–3 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OALu9cfevl8C&pg=PA1}}</ref> They generally live on the undersides of [[leaf|leaves]] of [[plant]]s, where they may spin protective silk [[Spider web|webs]], and they can cause damage by puncturing the plant [[Cell (biology)|cells]] to feed.<ref name="Saito">{{cite book |author=Yutaka Saito |year=2009 |title=Plant Mites and Sociality: Diversity and Evolution |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-4-431-99455-8 |chapter=Plant mites |pages=5–38 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dZB5a5FhFgUC&pg=PA11 |doi=10.1007/978-4-431-99456-5_2}}</ref> Spider mites are known to feed on several hundred [[species]] of plants.

==Description==
Spider mites are less than {{convert|1|mm|2}} in size and vary in color. They lay small, spherical, initially transparent [[egg (biology)|eggs]] and many species spin silk webbing to help protect the [[Colony (biology)|colony]] from [[Predation|predators]]; they get the "spider" part of their common name from this webbing.<ref name="Saito"/>

==Life cycle==
[[File:Tetranychidae.jpg|thumb|left|Spider mites on a [[lemon]] plant]]
Hot, dry conditions are often associated with population build-up of spider mites. Under optimal conditions (approximately {{convert|80|F|C|disp=or}}), the two-spotted spider mite can hatch in as little as 3 days, and become sexually mature in as little as 5 days. One female can lay up to 20 eggs per day and can live for 2 to 4 weeks, laying hundreds of eggs. This accelerated reproductive rate allows spider mite populations to adapt quickly to [[pesticide resistance|resist pesticides]], so chemical control methods can become somewhat ineffectual when the same pesticide is used over a prolonged period.<ref name="IFAS"/>

Spider mites, like [[hymenoptera]]ns and some [[scale insect]]s, are [[Arrhenotoky|arrhenotochous]]: females are [[diploid]] and males are [[haploid]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Graham Bell |year=1982 |title=The Masterpiece of Nature: the Evolution and Genetics of Sexuality |series=Croom Helm applied biology series |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-85664-753-6 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=q5g9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA238 |chapter=Parthenogenesis and vegetative reproduction in multicellular animals |pages=160–331}}</ref> When mated, females avoid the [[fecundation]] of some eggs to produce males. Fertilized eggs produce diploid females. Unmated, unfertilized females still lay eggs, that originate exclusively [[haploid]] males.


==分類==
==分類==
葉蟎科所屬的[[葉蟎總科]]是[[前氣門亞目]][[Eleutherengonides]]下目[[Raphignathina]]小目之下五個總科之一<ref name="Zootaxa">{{cite book |first1=Zhi-Qiang |last1=Zhang |first2=Qing-Hai |last2=Fan |first3=Vladimir |last3=Pesic |first4=Harry |last4=Smit |first5=Andre V. |last5=Bochkov |first6=A. A. |last6=Khaustov |first7=Anne |last7=Baker |first8=Andreas |last8=Wohltmann |first9=Tinghuan |last9=Wen |first10=James W. |last10=Amrine |first11=P. |last11=Beron |first12=Jianzhen |last12=Lin |first13=Grzegorz |last13=Gabrys |first14=Robert |last14=Husband |chapter=Order '''Trombidiformes''' <small>Reuter, 1909</small> |chapterurl=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt03148p138.pdf |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/list/2011/3148.html |title=Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness |editor=Zhang, Z.-Q. |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |issue=3148 |year=2011 |pages=133 |publisher=[[Magnolia Press]] |isbn=9781869778491 |language=en }}</ref>。本科的物種有95個屬<ref name="Zootaxa" />、1288個物種<ref name="SpiderMitesWeb" />，分別如下<ref name="xinjiang" />：
葉蟎科所屬的[[葉蟎總科]]是[[前氣門亞目]][[Eleutherengonides]]下目[[Raphignathina]]小目之下五個總科之一<ref name="Zootaxa">{{cite book |first1=Zhi-Qiang |last1=Zhang |first2=Qing-Hai |last2=Fan |first3=Vladimir |last3=Pesic |first4=Harry |last4=Smit |first5=Andre V. |last5=Bochkov |first6=A. A. |last6=Khaustov |first7=Anne |last7=Baker |first8=Andreas |last8=Wohltmann |first9=Tinghuan |last9=Wen |first10=James W. |last10=Amrine |first11=P. |last11=Beron |first12=Jianzhen |last12=Lin |first13=Grzegorz |last13=Gabrys |first14=Robert |last14=Husband |chapter=Order '''Trombidiformes''' <small>Reuter, 1909</small> |chapterurl=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt03148p138.pdf |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/list/2011/3148.html |title=Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness |editor=Zhang, Z.-Q. |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |issue=3148 |year=2011 |pages=133 |publisher=[[Magnolia Press]] |isbn=9781869778491 |language=en }}</ref>。本科的物種有95個屬<ref name="Zootaxa" />、1288個物種<ref name="SpiderMitesWeb" />，分別如下<ref name="xinjiang" />：

*[[苔螨属]] ''Bryobia''
The best known member of the group is ''[[Tetranychus urticae]]'', which has a [[cosmopolitan distribution]],<ref name="Raworth">{{cite book |editor=Peter G. Mason & John Theodore Huber |year=2002 |title=Biological Control Programmes in Canada, 1981–2000 |publisher=[[CAB International]] |isbn=978-0-85199-527-4 |author=D. A. Raworth, D. R. Gillespie, M. Roy & H. M. A. Thistlewood |chapter=''Tetranychus urticae'' Koch, twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) |pages=259–265 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tDHWhOEhTckC&pg=PA259}}</ref> and attacks a wide range of plants, including [[capsicum|peppers]], [[tomato]]es, [[potato]]es, [[bean]]s, [[Maize|corn]], [[cannabis]], and [[strawberry|strawberries]].<ref name="IFAS">{{cite web |url=http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/twospotted_mite.htm |title=Twospotted spider mite |publisher=[[University of Florida]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences]] |work=Featured Creatures |accessdate=May 20, 2011 |date=December 2009 |author=Thomas R. Fasulo & H. A. Denmark}}</ref> Other species which can be important pests of commercial plants include ''[[Panonychus ulmi]]'' (fruit tree red spider mite) and ''[[Panonychus citri]]'' (citrus red mite).

The family is divided into the following [[subfamily|subfamilies]], [[tribe (biology)|tribes]] and [[genera]]:<ref>{{cite book |author=H. R. Bolland, Jean Gutierrez & Carlos H. W. Flechtmann |year=1997 |title=World Catalogue of the Spider Mite Family (Acari: Tetranychidae) |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-11087-8 |chapter=Key to the genera of the world |pages=5–11 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OALu9cfevl8C&pg=PA5}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
;Bryobinae <small>Berlese</small>
*'''Bryobini''' <small>Reck</small>
:*''[[Neoschizonobiella]]'' <small>Tseng</small>
:*''[[Sinobryobia]]'' <small>Ma ''et al.''</small>
:*''[[Marainobia]]'' <small>Meyer</small>
:*[[苔螨属]] ''[[Bryobia]]'' <small>Koch</small>
*[[始叶螨属]] ''Eutetranychus''
*[[始叶螨属]] ''Eutetranychus''
*[[全爪螨属]] ''Panonychus''
*[[全爪螨属]] ''Panonychus''
*[[玉米岩螨属]] ''Petrobia''
*[[玉米岩螨属]] ''Petrobia''
*[[叶螨属]] ''Tetranychus''
*[[叶螨属]] ''Tetranychus''

:*''[[Toronobia]]'' <small>Meyer</small>
:*''[[Pseudobryobia]]'' <small>McGregor</small>
:*''[[Strunkobia]]'' <small>Livshitz & Mitrofanov</small>
:*''[[Mezranobia]]'' <small>Athias-Henriot</small>
:*''[[Eremobryobia]]'' <small>Strunkova & Mitrofanov</small>
:*''[[Bryobiella]]'' <small>Tuttle & Baker</small>
:*''[[Hemibryobia]]'' <small>Tuttle & Baker</small>

*'''Hystrichonychini''' <small>Pritchard & Baker</small>
:*''[[Bryocopsis]]'' <small>Meyer</small>
:*''[[Tetranychopsis]]'' <small>Canestrini</small>
:*''[[Notonychus]]'' <small>Davis</small>
:*''[[Dolichonobia]]'' <small>Meyer</small>
:*''[[Monoceronychus]]'' <small>McGregor</small>
:*''[[Mesobryobia]]'' <small>Wainstein</small>
:*''[[Hystrichonychus]]'' <small>McGregor</small>
:*''[[Parapetrobia]]'' <small>Meyer & Rykev</small>
:*''[[Peltanobia]]'' <small>Meyer</small>
:*''[[Tauriobia]]'' <small>Livshitz & Mitrofanov</small>
:*''[[Aplonobia]]'' <small>Womersley</small>
:*''[[Paraplonobia]]'' <small>Wainstein</small>
:*''[[Beerella]]'' <small>Wainstein</small>
:*''[[Magdalena (genus)|Magdalena]]'' <small>Baker & Tuttle</small>
:*''[[Porcupinychus]]'' <small>Anwarullah</small>
:*''[[Afronobia]]'' <small>Meyer</small>

*'''Petrobiini''' <small>Reck</small>
:*''[[Neotrichobia]]'' <small>Tuttle & Baker</small>
:*''[[Schizonobiella]]'' <small>Beer & Lang</small>
:*''[[Schizonobia]]'' <small>Womersley</small>
:*''[[Dasyobia]]'' <small>Strunkova</small>
:*''[[Lindquistiella]]'' <small>Mitrofanov</small>
:*''[[Edella]]'' <small>Meyer</small>
:*''[[Petrobia]]'' <small>Murray</small>

;Tetranychinae <small>Berlese</small>
*'''Eurytetranychini''' <small>Reck</small>
:*''[[Atetranychus]]'' <small>Tuttle ''et al.''</small>
:*''[[Synonychus]]'' <small>Miller</small>
:*''[[Eurytetranychus]]'' <small>Oudemans</small>
:*''[[Eurytetranychoides]]'' <small>Reck</small>
:*''[[Eutetranychus]]'' <small>Banks</small>
:*''[[Meyernychus]]'' <small>Mitrofanov</small>
:*''[[Aponychus]]'' <small>Rimando</small>
:*''[[Paraponychus]]'' <small>Gonzalez & Flechtmann</small>
:*''[[Sinotetranychus]]'' <small>Ma & Yuan</small>
:*''[[Anatetranychus]]'' <small>Womersley</small>
:*''[[Duplanychus]]'' <small>Meyer</small>

*'''Tenuipalpoidini''' <small>Pritchard & Baker</small>
:*''[[Eonychus]]'' <small>Gutierrez</small>
:*''[[Crotonella]]'' <small>Tuttle ''et al.''</small>
:*''[[Tenuipalpoides]]'' <small>Reck & Bagdasarian</small>
:*''[[Tenuipalponychus]]'' <small>Channabasavanna & Lakkundi</small>

*'''Tetranychini''' <small>Reck</small>
:*''[[Brevinychus]]'' <small>Meyer</small>
:*''[[Sonotetranychus]]'' <small>Tuttle ''et al.''</small>
:*''[[Mixonychus]]'' <small>Meyer & Ryke</small>
:*''[[Evertella]]'' <small>Meyer</small>
:*''[[Panonychus]]'' <small>Yokoyama</small>
:*''[[Allonychus]]'' <small>Pritchard & Baker</small>
:*''[[Schizotetranychus]]'' <small>Trägårdh</small>
:*''[[Yunonychus]]'' <small>Ma & Gao</small>
:*''[[Yezonychus]]'' <small>Ehara</small>
:*''[[Neotetranychus]]'' <small>Trägårdh</small>
:*''[[Acanthonychus]]'' <small>Wang</small>
:*''[[Mononychellus]]'' <small>Wainstein</small>
:*''[[Platytetranychus]]'' <small>Oudemans</small>
:*''[[Eotetranychus]]'' <small>Oudemans</small>
:*''[[Palmanychus]]'' <small>Baker & Tuttle</small>
:*''[[Atrichoproctus]]'' <small>Flechtmann</small>
:*''[[Xinella]]'' <small>Ma & Wang</small>
:*''[[Oligonychus]]'' <small>Berlese</small>
:*''[[Hellenychus]]'' <small>Gutierrez</small>
:*''[[Tetranychus]]'' <small>Dufour</small>
:*''[[Amphitetranychus]]'' <small>Oudemans</small>
{{div col end}}

==Countermeasures==
[[Neem oil]] may provide control, when combined with a suitable surfactant and diluted with water. As with chemical control, repeated applications are required.

Predatory mites of the [[Phytoseiidae]] family, including [[Phytoseiulus persimilis]] eat adult mites, their eggs, and all developmental stages between.<ref name="IFAS"/> Predatory mites can consume as many as 5 adult spider mites per day, or 20 eggs per day.<ref name="IFAS"/>

[[Insecticidal soap]] spray is effective against spider mites. It is commercially available or can be made of certain types of household soap. However, since it will also kill predatory mites, its use is not recommended if the latter are present.

In some cases, the application of Harpin Alpha Beta protein may help in the treatment and prevention of infestation by stimulating the plant's natural defenses, restoring sap sugar levels and encouraging replacement of damaged tissues.
<ref>http://www.halo-harpin.com/en/studies_2.html</ref> Since spider mites down-regulate the immune response of a plant,<ref>http://www.researchgate.net/publication/229118471_The_effect_of_harpin_protein_on_plant_growth_parameters_leaf_chlorophyll_leaf_colour_and_percentage_rotten_fruit_of_pepper_plants_inoculated_with_Botrytis_cinerea</ref>
==參看==
*[[害蟲防治]]
{{clear}}


==參考文獻==
==參考文獻==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist|32em}}


==外部連結==
==外部連結==
* {{cite web
*
| url=http://www1.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/spmweb/
| title=''Spider Mites Web: a comprehensive database for the Tetranychidae'',
| publisher=[[Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique]] (INRA)
| work=Spider Mites taxonomy, host-plants and distribution}}
* {{cite web |url=http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/mites/clover_mite.htm |title=''Bryobia praetiosa'', clover mite |publisher=[[University of Florida]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences]] |work=Featured Creatures}}
* {{cite web |url=http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/shrubs/southern_red_mite.htm |title=''Oligonychus ilicis'', southern red mite |publisher=[[University of Florida]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences]] |work=Featured Creatures}}
* {{cite press release |title=Spider mite's secrets revealed |publisher=Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia |date=November 24, 2011 |url=http://www.igc.gulbenkian.pt/media/article/87 |accessdate=November 24, 2011 }}


{{Acari}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:葉蟎科| ]]
[[Category:葉蟎科| ]]

2016年1月18日 (一) 10:49的版本

前气门亚目
Prostigmata
科學分類
界： 動物界 Animalia
門： 節肢動物門 Arthropoda
亞門： 螯肢亞門 Chelicerata
綱： 蛛形綱 Arachnida
亞綱： 蜱蟎亞綱 Acari
超目： 蟎形總目 Acariformes
目： 恙蟎目 Trombidiformes
亞目： 前氣門亞目 Prostigmata
下目： Eleutherengonides下目
Raphignathina小目[1]
科： 葉蟎科 Tetranychidae
Donnadieu, 1875
屬

見內文

叶螨科（學名：Tetranychidae）是蛛形綱蜱蟎亞綱真螨目之下的一個科[2]。葉蟎科有些物種為害果樹，被泛稱為果螨，俗称红蜘蛛或黄蜘蛛等[2]，皆為植食性動物，身長從200到900微米不等[3]。

Spider mites
Tetranychus urticae
科學分類
界： Animalia
門： Arthropoda
綱： Arachnida
亞綱： Acari
目： Trombidiformes
總科： Tetranychoidea
科： Tetranychidae
Donnadieu, 1875
Subfamilies & tribes

Bryobinae Berlese

  • Bryobini Reck
  • Hystrichonychini Pritchard & Baker
  • Petrobiini Reck

Tetranychinae Berlese

  • Tenuipalpoidini Pritchard & Baker
  • Tetranychini Reck

Spider mites are members of the Acari (mite) family Tetranychidae, which includes about 1,200 species.[4] They generally live on the undersides of leaves of plants, where they may spin protective silk webs, and they can cause damage by puncturing the plant cells to feed.[5] Spider mites are known to feed on several hundred species of plants.

Description

Spider mites are less than 1毫米（0.04英寸） in size and vary in color. They lay small, spherical, initially transparent eggs and many species spin silk webbing to help protect the colony from predators; they get the "spider" part of their common name from this webbing.[5]

Life cycle

Spider mites on a lemon plant

Hot, dry conditions are often associated with population build-up of spider mites. Under optimal conditions (approximately 80 °F或27 °C), the two-spotted spider mite can hatch in as little as 3 days, and become sexually mature in as little as 5 days. One female can lay up to 20 eggs per day and can live for 2 to 4 weeks, laying hundreds of eggs. This accelerated reproductive rate allows spider mite populations to adapt quickly to resist pesticides, so chemical control methods can become somewhat ineffectual when the same pesticide is used over a prolonged period.[6]

Spider mites, like hymenopterans and some scale insects, are arrhenotochous: females are diploid and males are haploid.[7] When mated, females avoid the fecundation of some eggs to produce males. Fertilized eggs produce diploid females. Unmated, unfertilized females still lay eggs, that originate exclusively haploid males.

分類

葉蟎科所屬的葉蟎總科是前氣門亞目Eleutherengonides下目Raphignathina小目之下五個總科之一[1]。本科的物種有95個屬[1]、1288個物種[3]，分別如下[2]：

The best known member of the group is Tetranychus urticae, which has a cosmopolitan distribution,[8] and attacks a wide range of plants, including peppers, tomatoes, potatoes, beans, corn, cannabis, and strawberries.[6] Other species which can be important pests of commercial plants include Panonychus ulmi (fruit tree red spider mite) and Panonychus citri (citrus red mite).

The family is divided into the following subfamilies, tribes and genera:[9]

Bryobinae Berlese
  • Bryobini Reck
  • Hystrichonychini Pritchard & Baker
  • Petrobiini Reck
Tetranychinae Berlese
  • Eurytetranychini Reck
  • Tenuipalpoidini Pritchard & Baker
  • Tetranychini Reck

Countermeasures

Neem oil may provide control, when combined with a suitable surfactant and diluted with water. As with chemical control, repeated applications are required.

Predatory mites of the Phytoseiidae family, including Phytoseiulus persimilis eat adult mites, their eggs, and all developmental stages between.[6] Predatory mites can consume as many as 5 adult spider mites per day, or 20 eggs per day.[6]

Insecticidal soap spray is effective against spider mites. It is commercially available or can be made of certain types of household soap. However, since it will also kill predatory mites, its use is not recommended if the latter are present.

In some cases, the application of Harpin Alpha Beta protein may help in the treatment and prevention of infestation by stimulating the plant's natural defenses, restoring sap sugar levels and encouraging replacement of damaged tissues. [10] Since spider mites down-regulate the immune response of a plant,[11]

參看

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Zhang, Zhi-Qiang; Fan, Qing-Hai; Pesic, Vladimir; Smit, Harry; Bochkov, Andre V.; Khaustov, A. A.; Baker, Anne; Wohltmann, Andreas; Wen, Tinghuan; Amrine, James W.; Beron, P.; Lin, Jianzhen; Gabrys, Grzegorz; Husband, Robert. Order Trombidiformes Reuter, 1909 (PDF). Zhang, Z.-Q. (编). Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Magnolia Press. 2011: 133. ISBN 9781869778491 （英语）.  |journal=被忽略 (帮助); |issue=被忽略 (帮助)
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 张建萍. 新疆螨类研究进展. 新疆植保学会2012年学术年会 (新疆烏魯木齊). 2012-04-07 [2016-01-18] （中文（简体））. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Migeon, Alain; Dorkeld, Franck. Spider Mites Web: a comprehensive database for the Tetranychidae. [2015-01-18] （英语）. 
  4. ^ H. R. Bolland, Jean Gutierrez & Carlos H. W. Flechtmann. Introduction. World Catalogue of the Spider Mite Family (Acari: Tetranychidae). Brill Publishers. 1997: 1–3. ISBN 978-90-04-11087-8. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Yutaka Saito. Plant mites. Plant Mites and Sociality: Diversity and Evolution. Springer. 2009: 5–38. ISBN 978-4-431-99455-8. doi:10.1007/978-4-431-99456-5_2. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Thomas R. Fasulo & H. A. Denmark. Twospotted spider mite. Featured Creatures. University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. December 2009 [May 20, 2011]. 
  7. ^ Graham Bell. Parthenogenesis and vegetative reproduction in multicellular animals. The Masterpiece of Nature: the Evolution and Genetics of Sexuality. Croom Helm applied biology series. Cambridge University Press. 1982: 160–331. ISBN 978-0-85664-753-6. 
  8. ^ D. A. Raworth, D. R. Gillespie, M. Roy & H. M. A. Thistlewood. Tetranychus urticae Koch, twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae). Peter G. Mason & John Theodore Huber (编). Biological Control Programmes in Canada, 1981–2000. CAB International. 2002: 259–265. ISBN 978-0-85199-527-4. 
  9. ^ H. R. Bolland, Jean Gutierrez & Carlos H. W. Flechtmann. Key to the genera of the world. World Catalogue of the Spider Mite Family (Acari: Tetranychidae). Brill Publishers. 1997: 5–11. ISBN 978-90-04-11087-8. 
  10. ^ http://www.halo-harpin.com/en/studies_2.html
  11. ^ http://www.researchgate.net/publication/229118471_The_effect_of_harpin_protein_on_plant_growth_parameters_leaf_chlorophyll_leaf_colour_and_percentage_rotten_fruit_of_pepper_plants_inoculated_with_Botrytis_cinerea

外部連結

规范控制数据库：各地 編輯維基數據鏈接
  • 日本
  • 捷克
取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=叶螨科&oldid=38790949”