蛀船蛤科：修订间差异

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{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = 蛀船蛤科<br />Teredinidae'''
| name = 蛀船蛤科<br />Teredinidae'''
| image = Shipworm.jpg
| image = Shipworm.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = 這個乾了的''[[Teredo navalis]]''樣本是從一塊木中抽取出來。原來包圍着蛤體的鈣質「隧道」被繞成一個圈。前端兩塊小小白色的就是牠退化了的外殼，被用來在木裡挖隧道。
| regnum = [[动物界]] Animalia
| regnum = [[动物界]] Animalia
| phylum = [[软体动物门]] Mollusca
| phylum = [[软体动物门]] Mollusca
| classis = [[双壳纲]] Bivalvia
| classis= [[双壳纲]] Bivalvia (或[[Pelecypoda]])
| ordo = [[海螂目]] Myoida
| ordo = [[海螂目]] Myoida
| familia = '''蛀船蛤科 Teredinidae'''
| familia = '''蛀船蛤科 Teredinidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Rafinesque]], 1815
| subdivision_ranks = [[屬 (生物)|屬]]
| subdivision = [[#分類|見內文]]
}}
}}
'''蛀船蛤科'''（學名：{{lang|la|'''Teredinidae'''}}）是[[雙殼綱]][[海螂目]]之下的一個科。
'''蛀船蛤科'''（學名：{{lang|la|'''Teredinidae'''}}）是[[雙殼綱]][[海螂目]]之下的一科海洋動物。本科物種的外殼已退化，只餘下一小塊在又長又軟的裸體身體的前端。
They are notorious for boring into (and commonly eventually destroying) wood that is immersed in sea water, including such structures as wooden piers, docks and ships; they drill passages by means of a pair of very small shells borne at one end, with which they rasp their way through. Sometimes called "termites of the sea", they also are known by the common name '''[[Teredo (genus)|"Teredo worms"]]''' or simply "teredo", from the [[Greek language]] "τερηδων", via Latin. Eventually biologists adopted the [[common name]] ''[[Teredo (genus)|Teredo]]'' as the name for the best-known genus.

==Description==
[[File:PSM V13 D568 Teredo navalis.jpg|thumb|''Teredo navalis'' from ''[[Popular Science Monthly]]'', September 1878]]
Removed from its burrow, the fully grown teredo ranges from several centimetres to about a metre in length, depending on the species. The body is cylindrical, slender, naked and superficially [[Wiktionary:vermiform|vermiform]], meaning "worm-shaped". In spite of their slender, worm-like forms shipworms nonetheless possess the characteristic [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] of [[bivalve]]s. The [[Ctenidium (mollusc)|ctinidia]] lie mainly within the branchial [[Siphon (mollusc)|siphon]], through which the animal pumps the water that passes over the gills.

The two siphons are very long and protrude from the [[Anatomical terms of location|posterior]] end of the animal. Where they leave the end of the main part of the body the siphons pass between a pair of calcareous plates called pallets. If the animal is alarmed, it withdraws the siphons and the pallets protectively block the opening of the tunnel.

The pallets are not to be confused with the two valves of the main shell, which are at the [[Anatomical terms of location|anterior]] end of the animal. Because they are the organs that the animal applies to boring its tunnel, they generally are located at the tunnel's end. They are borne on the slightly thickened, muscular anterior end of the cylindrical body and they are roughly triangular in shape and markedly concave on their interior surfaces. The outer surfaces are convex and in most species are deeply sculpted into sharp grinding surfaces with which the animals bore their way through the wood or similar medium in which they live and feed. The valves of shipworms are separated and the aperture of the mantle lies between them. The small "foot" (corresponding to the foot of a clam) can protrude through the aperture.

The shipworm lives in waters with oceanic salinity. Accordingly, it is rare in the brackish [[Baltic Sea]], where wooden shipwrecks are preserved for much longer than in the oceans.{{citation needed|reason=are they preserved because of qualities of the water, or the lack of worms?|date=September 2012}}

==Biology==
When shipworms bore into submerged wood, bacteria (''[[Teredinibacter turnerae]]'' strain ATCC 39867 / T7901) in a special organ called the gland of [[Gérard Paul Deshayes|Deshayes]] digest the [[cellulose]] exposed in the fine particles created by the excavation.<ref name="Distel">
{{Cite journal | last1 = Distel | first1 = D. L. | last2 = Morrill | first2 = W. | last3 = MacLaren-Toussaint | first3 = N.
| last4 = Franks | first4 = D. | last5 = Waterbury | first5 = J. | authorlink = | title = Teredinibacter turnerae gen. nov., sp. nov., a dinitrogen-fixing, cellulolytic, endosymbiotic gamma-proteobacterium isolated from the gills of wood-boring molluscs (Bivalvia: Teredinidae)
| journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | volume = 52
| issue = 6 | pages = 2261–2269 | year = 2002 | url = http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/52/6/2261
| issn = 1466-5026 | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.02184-0 | accessdate = }}</ref>
The excavated burrow is usually lined with a [[calcareous]] tube. The valves of the [[Animal shell|shell]] of shipworms are small separate parts located at the anterior end of the worm, used for excavating the burrow.

==Taxonomy==
Shipworms are marine animals in the phylum [[Mollusca]], [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Bivalvia]], [[Family (biology)|family]] '''Teredinidae'''. They were included in the now obsolete order ''Eulamellibranchiata'',<ref>Ponder, Winston F. & Lindberg, David R. (eds.) Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca. Publisher: University of California Press 2008 ISBN 978-0-520-25092-5</ref> in which many documents still place them.

[[Ruth Turner]] of [[Harvard University]] was the leading 20th century expert on the Teredinidae; she published a detailed monograph on the family, the 1966 volume "A Survey and Illustrated Catalogue of the Teredinidae" published by the [[Museum of Comparative Zoology]]. More recently, the endosymbionts that are found in the gills have been subject to study the bioconversion of cellulose for fuel energy research.<ref name=PMID19568419>{{cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=JC|last2=Madupu|first2=R|last3=Durkin|first3=AS|last4=Ekborg|first4=NA|last5=Pedamallu|first5=CS|last6=Hostetler|first6=JB|last7=Radune|first7=D|last8=Toms|first8=BS|last9=Henrissat|first9=B|last10=Coutinho|first10=PM|last11=Schwarz|first11=S|last12=Field|first12=L|last13=Trindade-Silva|first13=AE|last14=Soares|first14=CA|last15=Elshahawi|first15=S|last16=Hanora|first16=A|last17=Schmidt|first17=EW|last18=Haygood|first18=MG|last19=Posfai|first19=J|last20=Benner|first20=J|last21=Madinger|first21=C|last22=Nove|first22=J|last23=Anton|first23=B|last24=Chaudhary|first24=K|last25=Foster|first25=J|last26=Holman|first26=A|last27=Kumar|first27=S|last28=Lessard|first28=PA|last29=Luyten|first29=YA|last30=Slatko|first30=B|last31=Wood|first31=N|last32=Wu|first32=B|last33=Teplitski|first33=M|last34=Mougous|first34=JD|last35=Ward|first35=N|last36=Eisen|first36=JA|last37=Badger|first37=JH|last38=Distel|first38=DL|title=The complete genome of Teredinibacter turnerae T7901: an intracellular endosymbiont of marine wood-boring bivalves (shipworms).|journal=PLoS ONE|date=Jul 1, 2009|volume=4|issue=7|pages=e6085|pmid=19568419|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0006085|pmc=2699552}}</ref>

===Genera===
Shipworm species comprise several [[genus|genera]], of which ''[[Teredo (genus)|Teredo]]'' is the most commonly mentioned. The best known species is ''[[Teredo navalis]]''. Historically, ''Teredo'' concentrations in the [[Caribbean Sea]] have been substantially higher than in most other salt water bodies.

Genera within the family Teridinidae include:<ref>{{cite WoRMS |last=Bouchet |first=P. |year=2015|title=Teredinidae Rafinesque, 1815|id=253|accessdate=2015-02-14}}</ref>
* ''[[Bactronophorus]]'' Tapparone-Canefri, 1877
* ''[[Bankia (genus)|Bankia]]'' Gray, 1842
* ''[[Dicyathifer]]'' Iredale, 1932
* ''[[Kuphus]]'' Guettard, 1770
* ''[[Lyrodus]]'' Binney, 1870
* ''[[Nausitoria]]'' Wright, 1884
* ''[[Neoteredo]]'' Bartsch, 1920
* ''[[Nototeredo]]'' Bartsch, 1923
* ''[[Psiloteredo]]'' Bartsch, 1922
* ''[[Spathoteredo]]'' Moll, 1928
* ''[[Teredo (bivalve)|Teredo]]'' Linnaeus, 1758
* ''[[Teredora]]'' Bartsch, 1921
* ''[[Teredothyra]]'' Bartsch, 1921
* ''[[Uperotus]]'' Guettard, 1770
* ''[[Zachsia]]'' Bulatoff & Rjabtschikoff, 1933

==Engineering concerns==
Shipworms greatly damage wooden hulls and marine [[piling]], and have been the subject of much study to find methods to avoid their attacks. [[Copper sheathing]] was used on wooden ships in the latter 18th century and afterwards, as a method of preventing damage by "teredo worms". The first historically documented use of copper sheathing was experiments held by the British Royal Navy with [[HMS Alarm (1758)|HMS ''Alarm'']], which was coppered in 1761 and thoroughly inspected after a two-year cruise. In a letter from the Navy Board to the Admiralty dated 31 August 1763 it was written "that so long as copper plates can be kept upon the bottom, the planks will be thereby entirely secured from the effects of the worm."

In the [[Netherlands]] the shipworm caused a crisis in the 18th century by attacking the timber that faced the [[sea dike]]s. After that the dikes had to be faced with stones. ''Teredo'' has recently caused several minor collapses along the [[Hudson River]] waterfront in [[Hoboken, New Jersey]], due to damage to underwater pilings.<ref>
{{cite web
| title = Pier-eating monsters: Termites of the sea causing piers to collapse
| publisher = Hudson Reporter
| url = http://hudsonreporter.com/pages/full_story/push?article-Pier-eating+monsters-%E2%80%98Termites+of+the+sea%E2%80%99+causing+piers+to+collapse-%20&id=3719879-Pier-eating+monsters-%E2%80%98Termites+of+the+sea%E2%80%99+causing+piers+to+collapse-&instance=secondary_stories_left_column
| accessdate = 2009-09-29}}</ref>

==Engineering inspiration==
[[Image:Teredolites.jpg|thumb|''[[Teredolites]]'' [[bioerosion|boring]]s in a modern wharf piling. The US one cent coin in the lower left of this image is 19 mm across.]]
In the early 19th century, the behaviour and anatomy of the shipworm inspired the French [[engineer]] [[Marc Isambard Brunel|Marc Brunel]]. Based on his observations of how the shipworm's valves simultaneously enable it to tunnel through wood and protect it from being crushed by the swelling timber, Brunel designed an ingenious modular iron tunnelling framework—the very first [[tunnelling shield]]—which enabled workers to tunnel successfully through the highly unstable river bed beneath the Thames. The [[Thames Tunnel]] was the first successful large tunnel ever built under a navigable river.<ref>
{{cite web
| title = Thames Tunnel Construction
| publisher = Brunel Museum
| url = http://www.brunel-museum.org.uk/tunnel_construction.aspx
| accessdate = 2008-08-31 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080614215843/http://www.brunel-museum.org.uk/tunnel_construction.aspx <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-06-14}}</ref>

==Literature==
[[Henry David Thoreau]]'s poem "Though All the Fates" pays homage to "New England's worm" which, in the poem, infests the hull of "[t]he vessel, though her masts be firm". In time, no matter what the ship carries or where she sails, the shipworm "her hulk shall bore,/[a]nd sink her in the Indian seas".<ref>Henry D. Thoreau, "[http://www.poetry-archive.com/t/though_all_the_fates.html Though All the Fates]".</ref>

==Culinary delicacy==
In [[Palawan]] and [[Aklan]] in the [[Philippines]], the shipworm is called ''Tamilok'' and is eaten as a delicacy there. It is prepared as [[kinilaw]]—that is, raw (cleaned) but [[marinade]]d with vinegar or [[lime juice]], chopped [[chili pepper]]s and onions, a process very similar to [[ceviche]]. The taste of the flesh has been compared to a wide variety of foods, from [[milk]] to [[oysters]] .<ref>
{{cite web
| title = Tamilok A Palawan: Delicacy
| author = Jodelen O. Ortiz
| date = May 2, 2007
| url = http://www.tsibog.com/special-features/tamilok-a-palawan-delicacy-2007-05-02.php
| accessdate = 2009-04-30}}</ref>

==參看==
* [[Gribble]]
* [[Bug shoe]]
* ''[[Teredora princesae]]''


==参考文献==
==参考文献==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


==延伸閱讀==
*{{cite journal |last=Borges |first=L. M. S. |coauthors=et al. |year=2014 |url=http://www.frontiersinzoology.com/content/11/1/13 |title=Diversity, environmental requirements, and biogeography of bivalve wood-borers (Teredinidae) in European coastal waters |journal=[[Frontiers in Zoology]] |volume=11 |page=13 |language=en }}
* {{cite book |authorlink=:en:Arthur William Baden Powell |last=Powell |first=A. W. B. |year=1979 |title=New Zealand Mollusca |publisher=[[:en:HarperCollins|William Collins Publishers Ltd]] |location=Auckland, New Zealand |isbn=0-00-216906-1 |language=en }}

==外部連結==
* {{ITIS |id=81832 |taxon=Teredinidae}}
* {{Wikisource-inline|list=
** {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Ship-worm|year=1905 |short=x |noicon=x}}
** {{Cite PSM |last=Baumhauer |first=Eduard Hendrik von |wstitle=The Teredo and its Depredations II|volume=13|month-and-year=September 1878|noicon=x}}
** {{Cite PSM |last=Baumhauer |first=Eduard Hendrik von |wstitle=The Teredo and its Depredations I|volume=13|month-and-year=August 1878|noicon=x}}
** {{Cite PSM|wstitle=The Borers of the Sea|volume=3|month-and-year=May 1873 |short=x |noicon=x}}
}}

[[Category:Teredinidae| ]]
[[Category:Herbivorous animals]]
[[Category:Nautical terms]]
[[Category:蛀船蛤科| ]]
[[Category:蛀船蛤科| ]]

2016年9月6日 (二) 15:15的版本

蛀船蛤科
Teredinidae
這個乾了的Teredo navalis樣本是從一塊木中抽取出來。原來包圍着蛤體的鈣質「隧道」被繞成一個圈。前端兩塊小小白色的就是牠退化了的外殼，被用來在木裡挖隧道。
這個乾了的Teredo navalis樣本是從一塊木中抽取出來。原來包圍着蛤體的鈣質「隧道」被繞成一個圈。前端兩塊小小白色的就是牠退化了的外殼，被用來在木裡挖隧道。
科學分類
界： 动物界 Animalia
門： 软体动物门 Mollusca
綱： 双壳纲 Bivalvia (或Pelecypoda)
目： 海螂目 Myoida
科： 蛀船蛤科 Teredinidae
Rafinesque, 1815
屬

見內文

蛀船蛤科（學名：Teredinidae）是雙殼綱海螂目之下的一科海洋動物。本科物種的外殼已退化，只餘下一小塊在又長又軟的裸體身體的前端。 They are notorious for boring into (and commonly eventually destroying) wood that is immersed in sea water, including such structures as wooden piers, docks and ships; they drill passages by means of a pair of very small shells borne at one end, with which they rasp their way through. Sometimes called "termites of the sea", they also are known by the common name "Teredo worms" or simply "teredo", from the Greek language "τερηδων", via Latin. Eventually biologists adopted the common name Teredo as the name for the best-known genus.

Description

Teredo navalis from Popular Science Monthly, September 1878

Removed from its burrow, the fully grown teredo ranges from several centimetres to about a metre in length, depending on the species. The body is cylindrical, slender, naked and superficially vermiform, meaning "worm-shaped". In spite of their slender, worm-like forms shipworms nonetheless possess the characteristic morphology of bivalves. The ctinidia lie mainly within the branchial siphon, through which the animal pumps the water that passes over the gills.

The two siphons are very long and protrude from the posterior end of the animal. Where they leave the end of the main part of the body the siphons pass between a pair of calcareous plates called pallets. If the animal is alarmed, it withdraws the siphons and the pallets protectively block the opening of the tunnel.

The pallets are not to be confused with the two valves of the main shell, which are at the anterior end of the animal. Because they are the organs that the animal applies to boring its tunnel, they generally are located at the tunnel's end. They are borne on the slightly thickened, muscular anterior end of the cylindrical body and they are roughly triangular in shape and markedly concave on their interior surfaces. The outer surfaces are convex and in most species are deeply sculpted into sharp grinding surfaces with which the animals bore their way through the wood or similar medium in which they live and feed. The valves of shipworms are separated and the aperture of the mantle lies between them. The small "foot" (corresponding to the foot of a clam) can protrude through the aperture.

The shipworm lives in waters with oceanic salinity. Accordingly, it is rare in the brackish Baltic Sea, where wooden shipwrecks are preserved for much longer than in the oceans.[來源請求]

Biology

When shipworms bore into submerged wood, bacteria (Teredinibacter turnerae strain ATCC 39867 / T7901) in a special organ called the gland of Deshayes digest the cellulose exposed in the fine particles created by the excavation.[1] The excavated burrow is usually lined with a calcareous tube. The valves of the shell of shipworms are small separate parts located at the anterior end of the worm, used for excavating the burrow.

Taxonomy

Shipworms are marine animals in the phylum Mollusca, order Bivalvia, family Teredinidae. They were included in the now obsolete order Eulamellibranchiata,[2] in which many documents still place them.

Ruth Turner of Harvard University was the leading 20th century expert on the Teredinidae; she published a detailed monograph on the family, the 1966 volume "A Survey and Illustrated Catalogue of the Teredinidae" published by the Museum of Comparative Zoology. More recently, the endosymbionts that are found in the gills have been subject to study the bioconversion of cellulose for fuel energy research.[3]

Genera

Shipworm species comprise several genera, of which Teredo is the most commonly mentioned. The best known species is Teredo navalis. Historically, Teredo concentrations in the Caribbean Sea have been substantially higher than in most other salt water bodies.

Genera within the family Teridinidae include:[4]

Engineering concerns

Shipworms greatly damage wooden hulls and marine piling, and have been the subject of much study to find methods to avoid their attacks. Copper sheathing was used on wooden ships in the latter 18th century and afterwards, as a method of preventing damage by "teredo worms". The first historically documented use of copper sheathing was experiments held by the British Royal Navy with HMS Alarm, which was coppered in 1761 and thoroughly inspected after a two-year cruise. In a letter from the Navy Board to the Admiralty dated 31 August 1763 it was written "that so long as copper plates can be kept upon the bottom, the planks will be thereby entirely secured from the effects of the worm."

In the Netherlands the shipworm caused a crisis in the 18th century by attacking the timber that faced the sea dikes. After that the dikes had to be faced with stones. Teredo has recently caused several minor collapses along the Hudson River waterfront in Hoboken, New Jersey, due to damage to underwater pilings.[5]

Engineering inspiration

Teredolites borings in a modern wharf piling. The US one cent coin in the lower left of this image is 19 mm across.

In the early 19th century, the behaviour and anatomy of the shipworm inspired the French engineer Marc Brunel. Based on his observations of how the shipworm's valves simultaneously enable it to tunnel through wood and protect it from being crushed by the swelling timber, Brunel designed an ingenious modular iron tunnelling framework—the very first tunnelling shield—which enabled workers to tunnel successfully through the highly unstable river bed beneath the Thames. The Thames Tunnel was the first successful large tunnel ever built under a navigable river.[6]

Literature

Henry David Thoreau's poem "Though All the Fates" pays homage to "New England's worm" which, in the poem, infests the hull of "[t]he vessel, though her masts be firm". In time, no matter what the ship carries or where she sails, the shipworm "her hulk shall bore,/[a]nd sink her in the Indian seas".[7]

Culinary delicacy

In Palawan and Aklan in the Philippines, the shipworm is called Tamilok and is eaten as a delicacy there. It is prepared as kinilaw—that is, raw (cleaned) but marinaded with vinegar or lime juice, chopped chili peppers and onions, a process very similar to ceviche. The taste of the flesh has been compared to a wide variety of foods, from milk to oysters .[8]

參看

参考文献

  1. ^ Distel, D. L.; Morrill, W.; MacLaren-Toussaint, N.; Franks, D.; Waterbury, J. Teredinibacter turnerae gen. nov., sp. nov., a dinitrogen-fixing, cellulolytic, endosymbiotic gamma-proteobacterium isolated from the gills of wood-boring molluscs (Bivalvia: Teredinidae). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2002, 52 (6): 2261–2269. ISSN 1466-5026. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02184-0. 
  2. ^ Ponder, Winston F. & Lindberg, David R. (eds.) Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca. Publisher: University of California Press 2008 ISBN 978-0-520-25092-5
  3. ^ Yang, JC; Madupu, R; Durkin, AS; Ekborg, NA; Pedamallu, CS; Hostetler, JB; Radune, D; Toms, BS; Henrissat, B; Coutinho, PM; Schwarz, S; Field, L; Trindade-Silva, AE; Soares, CA; Elshahawi, S; Hanora, A; Schmidt, EW; Haygood, MG; Posfai, J; Benner, J; Madinger, C; Nove, J; Anton, B; Chaudhary, K; Foster, J; Holman, A; Kumar, S; Lessard, PA; Luyten, YA; Slatko, B; Wood, N; Wu, B; Teplitski, M; Mougous, JD; Ward, N; Eisen, JA; Badger, JH; Distel, DL. The complete genome of Teredinibacter turnerae T7901: an intracellular endosymbiont of marine wood-boring bivalves (shipworms).. PLoS ONE. Jul 1, 2009, 4 (7): e6085. PMC 2699552 可免费查阅. PMID 19568419. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006085. 
  4. ^ Bouchet, P. Teredinidae Rafinesque, 1815. WoRMS. 2015 [2015-02-14]. 
  5. ^ Pier-eating monsters: Termites of the sea causing piers to collapse. Hudson Reporter. [2009-09-29]. 
  6. ^ Thames Tunnel Construction. Brunel Museum. [2008-08-31]. （原始内容存档于2008-06-14）. 
  7. ^ Henry D. Thoreau, "Though All the Fates".
  8. ^ Jodelen O. Ortiz. Tamilok A Palawan: Delicacy. May 2, 2007 [2009-04-30]. 

延伸閱讀

外部連結

取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=蛀船蛤科&oldid=41405939”