資料連結：修订间差异

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2018年10月23日 (二) 02:15的版本

資料連結（又稱:連結資料、鍵連資料，英文:Linked data）在計算/計算機科學),是一種發佈結構化資料(structured data)連結的方法，使資料間彼此相互連結。同時透過語意查詢(semantic queries).[1] 使連結的資料更為有用。資料連結技術以Web 標準為主，例如HTTP, RDF以及URIs。資料連結主要提供機器與機器間，可自動交換的一種資料分享的方式。換言之，資料連結關聯了資料（data）、常人（human）以及機器（machine）三者在知識呈現與語意處理的共有課題。[2]

蒂姆·伯納斯-李(Tim Berners-Lee), 全球資訊網協會(World Wide Web Consortium/W3C)主席，在2006年一個與Semantic Web計畫有關的設計筆記中提出了"Linked Data"資料連結這個名詞。[3]

資料連結亦可以是開放資料(open data)的一種，在此脈絡下通稱為開放資料連結(Linked Open Data)。

主要原則

蒂姆·伯納斯-李 outlined four principles of linked data in his "Linked Data" note of 2006,[3] paraphrased along the following lines:

  1. Use URIs to name (identify) things.
  2. Use HTTP URIs so that these things can be looked up (interpreted, "dereferenced").
  3. Provide useful information about what a name identifies when it's looked up, using open standards such as RDF, SPARQL, etc.
  4. Refer to other things using their HTTP URI-based names when publishing data on the Web.

Tim Berners-Lee gave a presentation on linked data at the TED 2009 conference.[4] In it, he restated the linked data principles as three "extremely simple" rules:

  1. All kinds of conceptual things, they have names now that start with HTTP.
  2. If I take one of these HTTP names and I look it up...I will get back some data in a standard format which is kind of useful data that somebody might like to know about that thing, about that event.
  3. When I get back that information it's not just got somebody's height and weight and when they were born, it's got relationships. And when it has relationships, whenever it expresses a relationship then the other thing that it's related to is given one of those names that starts with HTTP.

主要元素

開放資料連結 (Linked Open Data)

Linked open data is linked data that is open data.[5][6][7] Tim Berners-Lee gives the clearest definition of linked open data in differentiation with linked data.

Linked Open Data (LOD) is Linked Data which is released under an open license, which does not impede its reuse for free.

——Tim Berners-Lee，Linked Data[3][8]

Large linked open data sets include DBpedia and Wikidata.

歷史溯源

The term "linked open data" has been in use since at least February 2007, when the "Linking Open Data" mailing list[9] was created.[10] The mailing list was initially hosted by the SIMILE project[11] at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

開放資料連結計畫

The above diagram shows which Linking Open Data datasets are connected, as of August 2014. This was produced by the Linked Open Data Cloud project, which was started in 2007. Some sets may include copyrighted data which is freely available.[12]
The same diagram as above, but for February 2017, showing the growth in just two and a half years.

The goal of the W3C Semantic Web Education and Outreach group's Linking Open Data community project is to extend the Web with a data commons by publishing various open datasets as RDF on the Web and by setting RDF links between data items from different data sources. In October 2007, datasets consisted of over two billion RDF triples, which were interlinked by over two million RDF links.[13][14] By September 2011 this had grown to 31 billion RDF triples, interlinked by around 504 million RDF links. A detailed statistical breakdown was published in 2014.[15]

歐盟計畫

There are a number of European Union projectsTemplate:Definition involving linked data. These include the linked open data around the clock (LATC) project,[16] the PlanetData project,[17] the DaPaaS (Data-and-Platform-as-a-Service) project,[18] and the Linked Open Data 2 (LOD2) project.[19][20][21] Data linking is one of the main goals of the EU Open Data Portal, which makes available thousands of datasets for anyone to reuse and link.

資料集(Datasets)

  • DBpedia – a dataset containing extracted data from Wikipedia; it contains about 3.4 million concepts described by 1 billion triples, including abstracts in 11 different languages
  • FOAF – a dataset describing persons, their properties and relationships
  • GeoNames provides RDF descriptions of more than 7,500,000 geographical features worldwide.
  • UMBEL – a lightweight reference structure of 20,000 subject concept classes and their relationships derived from OpenCyc, which can act as binding classes to external data; also has links to 1.5 million named entities from DBpedia and YAGO
  • Wikidata – a collaboratively-created linked dataset that acts as central storage for the structured data of its Wikimedia Foundation sister projects

資料集事例(instance)與類別(class)關係

Clickable diagrams that show the individual datasets and their relationships within the DBpedia-spawned LOD cloud (as shown by the figures to the right) are available.[22][23]

參見其他

參考資料

  1. ^ Bizer, Christian; Heath, Tom; Berners-Lee, Tim. Linked Data – The Story So Far (PDF) 5. 2009. doi:10.4018/jswis.2009081901.  |journal=被忽略 (帮助); |number=被忽略 (帮助)
  2. ^ Huang, Andrea Wei-Ching; Lee, Cheng-Jen; Chuang, Tyng-Ruey. 結構資料的再次使用：語意、連結與實作 43. 2017. doi:10.6245/JLIS.2017.431/722.  |journal=被忽略 (帮助); |number=被忽略 (帮助)
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Tim Berners-Lee. Linked Data. Design Issues. W3C. 2006-07-27 [2010-12-18]. 
  4. ^ Tim Berners-Lee on the next Web. 
  5. ^ Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) - Linked Data - Connect Distributed Data across the Web. 
  6. ^ COAR » 7 things you should know about…Linked Data. 
  7. ^ Linked Data Basics for Techies. 
  8. ^ 5 Star Open Data. 
  9. ^ public-lod@w3.org Mail Archives. 
  10. ^ SweoIG/TaskForces/CommunityProjects/LinkingOpenData/NewsArchive. 
  11. ^ SIMILE Project - Mailing Lists. 
  12. ^ Linking open data cloud diagram 2014, by Max Schmachtenberg, Christian Bizer, Anja Jentzsch and Richard Cyganiak. http://lod-cloud.net/
  13. ^ SweoIG/TaskForces/CommunityProjects/LinkingOpenData - W3C Wiki. esw.w3.org. [22 March 2018]. 
  14. ^ Fensel, Dieter; Facca, Federico Michele; Simperl, Elena; Ioan, Toma. Semantic Web Services. Springer. 2011: 99. ISBN 3642191924. 
  15. ^ Max. State of the LOD Cloud. linkeddatacatalog.dws.informatik.uni-mannheim.de. [22 March 2018]. 
  16. ^ Linked open data around the clock (LATC). latc-project.eu. [22 March 2018]. 
  17. ^ Welcome to PlanetData! - PlanetData. planet-data.eu. [22 March 2018]. 
  18. ^ DaPaaS. project.dapaas.eu. [22 March 2018]. 
  19. ^ Linking Open Data 2 (LOD2)[永久失效連結]
  20. ^ CORDIS FP7 ICT Projects – LOD2. European Commission. 2010-04-20. 
  21. ^ LOD2 Project Fact Sheet – Project Summary (PDF). 2010-09-01 [2010-12-18]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-20）. 
  22. ^ Instance relationships amongst datasets. fu-berlin.de. [22 March 2018]. 
  23. ^ Class relationships amongst datasets. archive.org. [22 March 2018]. 

延伸閱讀

外部連結

取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=資料連結&oldid=51745170”