管筒狀乳房：修订间差异

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管状乳房（Tuberous breasts或tubular breasts），亦作筒状乳房，是一種 乳房發育的先天性畸形[1]。這種病變會同時影響男性及女性（見發育不全（英语：Hypoplasia）），而受影響的可以只是單邊乳房，又或是兩邊也受影響。這種病變源於青春期時乳房發育受阻，使乳房無法正常發育至完全。具體來說，這問題的具體成因依然不明，但在2011年的一項對患有管筒狀乳房的男性及女性的胸部細胞組織的研究發現：這病變可能與一種膠原蛋白沉積障礙有基因方面的關聯[2]。這病變的女性患者一般會透過隆胸來修正畸形發育的乳房，估算尋求隆胸的病人有1%到5%是管筒狀乳房的患者[3]，但統計無法推算未有尋求隆胸的患者所佔的比例。

背景

The tuberous breast deformity was first described by Rees and Aston in 1976[4] following which a method of classifying the severity was developed. The surgical classifications refer to which areas of the breast are affected and is divided into three grades; mainly in the inferomedial quadrant (Grade I); in the two inferior quadrants (Grade II); or affecting the whole breast (Grade III).[5]

Synonyms

This condition is also known as constricted breasts, tubular breasts, 史努比 breasts (often insulting as it compares the breast shape to that of the character's nose), herniated areolar complexes,[2] conical breast, domen nipple, lower pole hypoplasia[6] and hypoplastic breasts.

Physical effects

Tuberous breasts are not simply small or underdeveloped breasts. The effect of the condition on the appearance of the breast can range from mild to severe, and typical characteristics include: enlarged, puffy 乳暈, unusually wide spacing between the breasts, minimal 乳房, sagging, higher than normal 乳房下皱襞,[7] and narrow base at the 胸腔. The condition can cause low milk supply（英语：low milk supply） in breastfeeding women.[8] However, other physical aspects of fertility and pregnancy are not affected by the condition.

Psychological effects

Any deformity of the breasts is only apparent during puberty and this may lead to psychosexual problems with girls in very early puberty being affected psychologically due to the unusual shape of the breast.[5] Surgical papers about the techniques useful in correcting tubular breasts note that even when results are not perfect, the psychological impact of treatment is immense, with notable improvements in self-esteem to the level where the person engages in normal social activities.[9]

治療

Template:Globalize/UK The appearance of tuberous breasts can potentially be changed through List of surgical procedures（英语：List of surgical procedures）, including the tissue expansion（英语：tissue expansion） method and 乳房植體.[10]

The procedure to change the appearance of tuberous breasts can be more complicated than a regular breast augmentation, and some 整形 have specialist training in tuberous breast correction. As tuberous breasts are a 先天性障碍, referral for treatment under the 國民保健署 (英國) may be possible in the 英国.[11] A starting point for those seeking such a referral may be a visit to their local 家庭醫學科醫師. For those seeking non-surgical solutions, counseling may be recommended as a way of coming to terms with 身體意象.

參考文獻

  1. ^ Panchapakesan V, Brown MH. Management of tuberous breast "deformity" with anatomic cohesive silicone gel breast implants. Aesthetic Plast Surg. January 2009, 33 (1): 49–53. PMID 18752021. doi:10.1007/s00266-008-9234-7. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Klinger, Marco; Caviggioli, Fabio; Klinger, Francesco; Villani, Federico; Arra, Erseida; Di Tommaso, Luca. Tuberous breast: Morphological study and overview of a borderline entity. Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2011, 19 (2): 42–44. PMC 3328117 可免费查阅. PMID 22654530 （英语及法语）. 
  3. ^ Breast Augmentation...on Tubular Breasts. [2010-03-14]. 
  4. ^ Rees, S; Aston, S. The tuberous breast. Clin Plast Surg. 1976, 3 (2): 339–46. PMID 1261187. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Gabka, Christian J; Heinz Bohmert. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of the Breast. : 72 [7 December 2013]. 
  6. ^ Zoccali, Giovanni; Maurizio Giuliani. Tuberous Breast: Clinical Evaluation and Surgical Treatment (PDF). Department of Health Sciences, Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Section, University of L’Aquila Italy. 2012 [7 December 2013]. ISBN 978-953-51-0398-1. 
  7. ^ Tubular Breast Correction
  8. ^ Amir, LH. Breastfeeding--managing 'supply' difficulties.. Australian family physician. 2006, 35 (9): 686–9. ISSN 0300-8495. PMID 16969436. 
  9. ^ Zoccali, Giovanni; Maurizio Giuliani. Tuberous Breast: Clinical Evaluation and Surgical Treatment (PDF). Department of Health Sciences, Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Section, University of L’Aquila Italy: 18. 2012 [7 December 2013]. ISBN 978-953-51-0398-1. 
  10. ^ Dennis C. Hammond. Atlas of Aesthetic Breast Surgery. Elsevier Health Sciences. 3 December 2008: 187– [2 May 2010]. ISBN 978-1-4160-3184-0. 
  11. ^ Policy for Cosmetic Surgery Referrals

外部連結

Template:Congenital malformations and deformations of breast

取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=管筒狀乳房&oldid=52469651”