南非醉茄：修订间差异

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=== 幫助睡眠 ===
=== 幫助睡眠 ===
近期研究指出，18-60歲診斷為失眠的人，每日服用南非醉茄萃取物10週後，可以縮短入睡時間、改善睡後又醒的狀況及提升整理睡眠效率。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Efficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract in Insomnia and Anxiety: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.5797|last=Langade|first=Deepak|last2=Kanchi|first2=Subodh|date=2019-09-28|journal=Cureus|doi=10.7759/cureus.5797|issn=2168-8184|last3=Salve|first3=Jaising|last4=Debnath|first4=Khokan|last5=Ambegaokar|first5=Dhruv}}</ref>另一項是針對年齡 60-85 歲的長者，每日服用南非醉茄萃取物12週後，發現睡眠及生活品質得到有效的改善。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Efficacy and Tolerability of Ashwagandha Root Extract in the Elderly for Improvement of General Well-being and Sleep: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7083|last=Kelgane|first=Sunil B|last2=Salve|first2=Jaising|date=2020-02-23|journal=Cureus|doi=10.7759/cureus.7083|issn=2168-8184|last3=Sampara|first3=Prasanthi|last4=Debnath|first4=Khokan}}</ref> 是由於南非醉茄牛奶廣譜萃取物具有活化GABA 能系統的活性，抑制神經興奮達到鎮靜舒眠的效果。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Direct evidence for GABAergic activity of Withania somnifera on mammalian ionotropic GABAA and GABAρ receptors|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.058|last=Candelario|first=Manuel|last2=Cuellar|first2=Erika|date=2015-08|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.058|volume=171|pages=264–272|issn=0378-8741|last3=Reyes-Ruiz|first3=Jorge Mauricio|last4=Darabedian|first4=Narek|last5=Feimeng|first5=Zhou|last6=Miledi|first6=Ricardo|last7=Russo-Neustadt|first7=Amelia|last8=Limon|first8=Agenor}}</ref>
近期研究指出，18-60歲診斷為失眠的人，每日服用南非醉茄萃取物10週後，可以縮短入睡時間、改善睡後又醒的狀況及提升整理睡眠效率。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Efficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract in Insomnia and Anxiety: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.5797|last=Langade|first=Deepak|last2=Kanchi|first2=Subodh|date=2019-09-28|journal=Cureus|doi=10.7759/cureus.5797|issn=2168-8184|last3=Salve|first3=Jaising|last4=Debnath|first4=Khokan|last5=Ambegaokar|first5=Dhruv}}</ref>另一項是針對年齡 60-85 歲的長者，每日服用南非醉茄萃取物12週後，發現睡眠及生活品質得到有效的改善。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Efficacy and Tolerability of Ashwagandha Root Extract in the Elderly for Improvement of General Well-being and Sleep: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7083|last=Kelgane|first=Sunil B|last2=Salve|first2=Jaising|date=2020-02-23|journal=Cureus|doi=10.7759/cureus.7083|issn=2168-8184|last3=Sampara|first3=Prasanthi|last4=Debnath|first4=Khokan}}</ref> 是由於南非醉茄牛奶廣譜萃取物具有活化GABA能系統的活性，抑制神經興奮達到鎮靜舒眠的效果。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Direct evidence for GABAergic activity of Withania somnifera on mammalian ionotropic GABAA and GABAρ receptors|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.058|last=Candelario|first=Manuel|last2=Cuellar|first2=Erika|date=2015-08|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.058|volume=171|pages=264–272|issn=0378-8741|last3=Reyes-Ruiz|first3=Jorge Mauricio|last4=Darabedian|first4=Narek|last5=Feimeng|first5=Zhou|last6=Miledi|first6=Ricardo|last7=Russo-Neustadt|first7=Amelia|last8=Limon|first8=Agenor}}</ref>


=== 幫助體重管理 ===
=== 幫助體重管理 ===
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=== 改善男性性功能 ===
=== 改善男性性功能 ===
臨床證實不孕男性每日服用南非醉茄萃取物12週後，可以提升睪固酮含量、精子濃度、精液量及精子活動力，進而改善男性不孕問題。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Clinical Evaluation of the Spermatogenic Activity of the Root Extract of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in Oligospermic Males: A Pilot Study|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/571420|last=Ambiye|first=Vijay R.|last2=Langade|first2=Deepak|date=2013|journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine|doi=10.1155/2013/571420|volume=2013|pages=1–6|issn=1741-427X|last3=Dongre|first3=Swati|last4=Aptikar|first4=Pradnya|last5=Kulkarni|first5=Madhura|last6=Dongre|first6=Atul}}</ref> 此外，南非醉茄萃取物具有舒壓及降低皮質醇的特性，抑制皮質醇助於維持睪固酮的含量，可以改善精神性陽痿的問題。
臨床證實不孕男性每日服用南非醉茄萃取物12週後，可以提升睪固酮含量、精子濃度、精液量及精子活動力，進而改善男性不孕問題。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Clinical Evaluation of the Spermatogenic Activity of the Root Extract of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in Oligospermic Males: A Pilot Study|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/571420|last=Ambiye|first=Vijay R.|last2=Langade|first2=Deepak|date=2013|journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine|doi=10.1155/2013/571420|volume=2013|pages=1–6|issn=1741-427X|last3=Dongre|first3=Swati|last4=Aptikar|first4=Pradnya|last5=Kulkarni|first5=Madhura|last6=Dongre|first6=Atul}}</ref> 此外，南非醉茄萃取物具有舒壓及降低皮質醇的特性，抑制皮質醇助於維持睪固酮的含量，可以改善精神性陽痿的問題。另一項改善性功能的素材瑪卡，研究指出可以提升性欲、睪固酮含量、精液量及精子活動力，同樣可以改善不孕問題，主要針對器質性陽痿的族群。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Maca (L. meyenii) for improving sexual function: a systematic review|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-10-44|last=Shin|first=Byung-Cheul|last2=Lee|first2=Myeong Soo|date=2010-08-06|journal=BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine|issue=1|doi=10.1186/1472-6882-10-44|volume=10|pages=44|language=en|issn=1472-6882|pmc=PMC2928177|pmid=20691074|last3=Yang|first3=Eun Jin|last4=Lim|first4=Hyun-Suk|last5=Ernst|first5=Edzard}}</ref>故南非醉茄搭配瑪卡可以達到相輔相成的作用。

2020年5月20日 (三) 06:04的版本

南非醉茄(Ashwagandha)又稱印度人蔘、印度冬季櫻桃，學名睡茄(Withania somnifera)，屬於茄科植物，為「阿育吠陀」醫學系統中常用的一種藥用植物，具有數千年以上的使用歷史。依循阿欲吠陀醫學系統及多國藥典以根部作為材料進行萃取，所得之萃取物，為人們帶來多種健康效益，如：舒壓、抗焦慮、神經保護、抗發炎、舒眠、壯陽等。[1][2]梵語Ashwagandha具有「馬的氣味」[3]；Withania somnifera種名有「引導睡眠之意」[4]

起源歷史及分布

「阿育吠陀」是印度實行的傳統醫學系統，早在公元前6000年「阿育吠陀」的治愈方法中，南非醉茄就被認為是良好的藥用植物之一。[5]Withania somnifera為綠色有絨毛的多年生灌木植物，高約為30-75公分。根部結實，圓柱形，直徑1-2公分，白褐色。葉部卵形無毛，對生方式生長。廣泛分佈於熱帶和亞熱帶地區的較乾旱地區，例如：加那利群島、地中海地區、北非、印度、斯里蘭卡、阿富汗、巴魯支斯坦和信德省不等。甚至在海拔高達5500英尺的喜馬拉雅山也有發現其生長的蹤跡。[6]

特色

  1. 在印度傳統的阿育吠陀醫學系統及印度[7]、英國[8]和美國[9]等藥典中的標準參考文獻，幾乎使用根做為材料。南非醉茄萃取物於現今主要指根的萃取物，累積至今已有多項對促進人體健康的臨床報告發表。[10]
  2. 傳統阿育吠陀醫學古法紀載，萃取過程中使用「鮮奶」及「水」，可以保留多種親水性及親脂性活性成分。若使用有機溶劑萃取可能會破壞南非醉茄根部中各種成分之間的比例。[11]

活性成分[6][12][13]

  1. 醉茄內酯 Withanolide A, withanolide D, Withanoside I, Withanoside IV, withanoside VI, viscosa lactone B, stigmasterol, ashwagandhanolide)
  2. 生物鹼 (Nicotine, Somniferine, Somniferinine, Withanine, Withananine, Pseudowithanine, Tropine, Pseudotropine, 3α-tigloyloxytropane, Choline, Cuscohygrine, dl-isopelletierine)
  3. 植物固醇 (Sitoindosides VII, VIII, IX, X )
  4. 類黃酮 (kaempferol, quercetin)
  5. 三萜類
  6. 膽鹼
  7. 鐵

特性

  1. 調理素(adaptogen)特性：調理素通常是指可以增加生物體對於物理、化學和生物製劑等壓力的適應能力，並平衡內分泌及免疫功能失調的植物或是萃取物。[14]
  2. 維持各種生理機能恆定：下視丘-腦下垂體-腎上腺軸線(HPA軸)為調控我們人體各種生理機能恆定的重要角色，此軸線的失調反映生理機能恆定的破壞。例如：當我們長期遭受生理或心理的壓力時，不斷刺激HPA軸，壓力性荷爾蒙過度分泌，導致焦慮、失眠、疲勞、代謝症候群、性功能障礙、免疫力下降等。[15]而南非醉茄萃取物，可以恢復HPA軸的失調，降低壓力性荷爾蒙的過度分泌，達到維持生理機能的正常運作。[16]

安全性

1.         南非醉茄萃取物(Ashwagandha extract)為TFDA(衛生福利部食品藥物管理署)核准之可供食品原料。[17]

2.         南非醉茄中的Withaferin A 具有極強的細胞毒性對人體可能有安全性的疑慮。(6-2) 針對29種南非醉茄分析Withaferin A的含量，發現「葉」及「莖」部的含量平均為11.7 (µg/g dry weight)，遠高於根部的 0.61 (µg/g dry weight) [18]。

主要功能及機制

舒壓抗焦慮

有意改善壓力的受試者，每日服用南非醉茄萃取物8週後，在知覺壓力量表及抑鬱焦慮量表的分數表現上都優於對照組，表示南非醉茄萃取物具有舒壓抗焦慮的效果。[19] 由於南非醉茄萃取物藉由調控下視丘-腦下垂體-腎上腺軸線(HPA軸)，來降低壓性荷爾蒙 (cortisol) 的分泌。[20] 另外，南非醉茄萃取物具有類似GABA的特性可以使神經鎮靜，達到舒壓的效果。[21]

提升記憶及認知功能

臨床實驗指出，每日服用南非醉茄萃取物8週後，可提升工作記憶、即時記憶、普通記憶、視覺空間處理、執行功能、注意力和信息處理速度的能力。[22] 是由於其中的活性成分Withanolide A及Withanoside IV可防止軸突、樹突和突觸的退化喪失，引起軸突再生和突觸重建，改善記憶力。[23] [24]膽鹼可作為神經傳導物質「乙醯膽鹼」的材料，與記憶功能相關。也是構成腦神經細胞膜的成分，維持突觸完整性及信息傳導。[25]

幫助睡眠

近期研究指出，18-60歲診斷為失眠的人，每日服用南非醉茄萃取物10週後，可以縮短入睡時間、改善睡後又醒的狀況及提升整理睡眠效率。[26]另一項是針對年齡 60-85 歲的長者，每日服用南非醉茄萃取物12週後，發現睡眠及生活品質得到有效的改善。[27] 是由於南非醉茄牛奶廣譜萃取物具有活化GABA能系統的活性，抑制神經興奮達到鎮靜舒眠的效果。[28]

幫助體重管理

長期工作壓力及位體重過重或肥胖的受試者，每日服用南非醉茄萃取物8週後，可以降低血中壓力荷爾蒙、體重及身體質量指數。[29]由於壓力荷爾蒙若是過高，會引發胰島素阻抗等代謝性問題，進而導致肥胖。[30]因此，南非醉茄萃取物降低壓力荷爾蒙的特性可幫助體重的管理。

維持甲狀腺功能正常

挑選甲狀腺功能低下的患者人進機雙盲實驗，結果顯示，每日服用南非醉茄萃取物8週後，可以藉由提升血中三典及四碘甲狀腺素，維持甲狀腺機能。[31]

增加肌肉強度及恢復

臨床結果顯示，每日服用南非醉茄萃取物8週後，可以提升睪固酮分泌量、臥推及腿部肌力、增加肌肉量同時降低體脂肪。[32]

增加心肺耐受力、增強體力

一群健康運動者，每日服用南非醉茄萃取物12週後，發現擁有較大的氧氣消耗量(VO2 max) [33]。因南非醉茄萃取物可以增加紅血球數量進而增加血中氧氣的運輸達到較強的心肺耐受力。 [34]

改善男性性功能

臨床證實不孕男性每日服用南非醉茄萃取物12週後，可以提升睪固酮含量、精子濃度、精液量及精子活動力，進而改善男性不孕問題。[35] 此外，南非醉茄萃取物具有舒壓及降低皮質醇的特性，抑制皮質醇助於維持睪固酮的含量，可以改善精神性陽痿的問題。另一項改善性功能的素材瑪卡，研究指出可以提升性欲、睪固酮含量、精液量及精子活動力，同樣可以改善不孕問題，主要針對器質性陽痿的族群。[36]故南非醉茄搭配瑪卡可以達到相輔相成的作用。

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取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=南非醉茄&oldid=59736560”