跳转到内容

反情報計劃：修订间差异

维基百科，自由的百科全书
以互动方式浏览历史
←上一版本下一版本→
删除的内容 添加的内容
可视化wikitext
享睿登（留言 | 贡献）
47次编辑
增加或調整內部連結
无编辑摘要
第1行： 第1行：
{{stub}}
{{stub}}
'''反情報計劃'''（{{lang-en|'''CO'''unter '''INTEL'''ligence '''PRO'''gram}}，簡稱︰'''COINTELPRO'''）是1956年至1971年間[[美國]][[聯邦調查局]]一系列[[違憲]]的秘密政治迫害計劃<ref name="church-final-report">{{Cite book|title=Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans – Church Committee final report|title-link=Church Committee|date=1976-04-26|publisher=United States Senate|series=II|page=10|chapter=I. Introduction and Summary|access-date=2014-07-15|chapter-url=https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_III.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418092233/http://www.intelligence.senate.gov/pdfs94th/94755_II.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-18|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite conference |last=Wolf |first=Paul |date=1 September 2001 |title=COINTELPRO: The Untold American Story |url=https://archive.org/details/CointelproTheUntoldAmericanStory |conference=World Conference Against Racism |location=Durbin, South Africa |page=[https://archive.org/stream/CointelproTheUntoldAmericanStory/COINTELPRO#page/n11/mode/2up 11] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309125741/https://archive.org/details/CointelproTheUntoldAmericanStory |archive-date=9 March 2016 |access-date=14 February 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>，其目的是監視、滲透、中傷及擾亂國內的政治團體<ref name="Citizens">{{Cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2006/mar/08/opinion/oe-jalon8|title=A break-in to end all break-ins|last=Jalon|first=Allan M.|date=8 March 2006|work=The Los Angeles Times|access-date=2014-07-15|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203035850/http://articles.latimes.com/2006/mar/08/opinion/oe-jalon8|archive-date=2013-12-03}}</ref><ref name="The-Dangers-of-Domestic-Spying-by-Federal-Law-Enforcement">{{Cite report|url=https://www.aclu.org/files/FilesPDFs/mlkreport.pdf|title=The Dangers of Domestic Spying by Federal Law Enforcement|date=2002|publisher=[[American Civil Liberties Union]]|access-date=2017-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205173958/https://www.aclu.org/files/FilesPDFs/mlkreport.pdf|archive-date=2018-02-05|url-status=live}}</ref>。聯邦調查局記錄顯示反情報計劃的有關組織會把聯邦調查局認為有[[顛覆政權|顛覆性]]的組織和個人作為目標<ref name="Jeffreys-Jones">{{Cite book|title=The FBI: A History|last=Jeffreys-Jones|first=Rhodri|date=2008|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-14284-6|location=New Haven, Connecticut|page=189|oclc=223872966|author-link=Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones|orig-year=2007}}</ref>，其中包括[[美國共產黨]]<ref name="Weiner 2012 195">{{harvnb|Weiner|2012|p=195}}.</ref>、[[反戰運動|反越戰運動]]<ref name=":0">{{cite book|editor-last1=Bosi|editor-first1=Lorenzo|editor-last2=Giugni|editor-first2=Marco|editor-last3=Uba|editor-first3=Katrin|date=2016|title=The Consequences of Social Movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AM89CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66|location=|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=66|isbn=978-1107539211}}</ref>、[[黑人民權運動]]（如[[馬丁路德金]]、[[伊斯蘭國度]]、[[黑豹黨]]）<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=White Robes and Burning Crosses: A History of the Ku Klux Klan from 1866|last=Newton|first=Michael|publisher=McFarland|year=2014|isbn=978-0-7864-7774-6|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|pages=146|oclc=877370955}}</ref>、[[美國印第安運動]]<ref name=":1" />、[[波多黎各獨立運動]]<ref name=":0" />、[[第二波女權主義運動]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Salper |first=Roberta |year=2008 |title=U.S. Government Surveillance and the Women's Liberation Movement, 1968–1973: A Case Study |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20459215 |journal=Feminist Studies |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=431–455 |doi= |access-date=2022-07-12 |via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Women's Liberation Movement and COINTELPRO|url=https://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Curr%20C101/Cointelpro%20and%20Women's%20Liberation.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724013050/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Curr%20C101/Cointelpro%20and%20Women's%20Liberation.pdf|archive-date=2015-07-24|website=www.freedomarchives.org}}</ref>、[[環保運動]]及各種[[進步派]][[1960年代反文化運動|社運]]團體等<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Groups targeted by COINTELPRO|url=http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/cointel.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910071729/http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/cointel.htm|archive-date=10 September 2012}}</ref>。
'''反情報計劃'''（{{lang-en|'''CO'''unter '''INTEL'''ligence '''PRO'''gram}}）是1956年至1971年間[[美國]][[聯邦調查局]]一系列[[違憲]]的秘密政治迫害計劃，其目的是監視、滲透、中傷及擾亂國內的政治團體。聯邦調查局記錄顯示反情報計劃的有關組織會把聯邦調查局認為有[[顛覆政權|顛覆性]]的組織和個人作為目標，其中包括[[美國共產黨]]、[[反戰運動|反越戰運動]]、[[黑人民權運動]]（如[[馬丁路德金]]、[[伊斯蘭國度]]、[[黑豹黨]]）、[[美國印第安運動]]、[[波多黎各獨立運動]]、[[第二波女權主義運動]]、[[環保運動]]及各種[[進步派]][[1960年代反文化運動|社運]]團體等。

1971年，聯邦調查局在聖地亞哥資助、武裝和控制了一個由組成的極右翼共準軍事組織，將其轉變為一個名為“[[秘密军事组织|秘密軍隊組織]]（Secret Army Organization）”的組織，以參與反戰運動的團體、活動家和領導人為目標，對他們使用恐嚇和暴力行為<ref name="Newton 143–145">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74beCQAAQBAJ&q=judi+bari,+assassination,+cointelpro&pg=PA144|title=The FBI Encyclopedia|last=Newton|first=Michael|date=2012|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1476604176|pages=143–145|language=en|access-date=2018-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405124652/https://books.google.com/books?id=74beCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA144&dq=judi+bari,+assassination,+cointelpro#v=onepage&q=judi%20bari,%20assassination,%20cointelpro&f=false|archive-date=2019-04-05|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="chomsky.info">{{Cite web|last=Chomsky|first=Noam|title=Triumphs of Democracy|url=https://chomsky.info/responsibility01/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105231319/http://www.chomsky.info/books/responsibility01.htm|archive-date=2009-01-05|access-date=2020-01-19|website=chomsky.info|type=excerpt from ''Language and Responsibility''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The San Diego Coup|url=http://crca.ucsd.edu/~esisco/friendlyfire/A1972.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308071956/http://crca.ucsd.edu/~esisco/friendlyfire/A1972.html|archive-date=2005-03-08|publisher=Ramparts}}</ref>。FBI自成立以來就對國內各政治團體採取秘密行動，反情報計劃於1956年至1971年間盛行，通過心理戰策略比如偽造文件和在媒體上植入虛假報導來抹黑目標、騷擾、 非法監禁、暴力，甚至暗殺來完全任務，許多這些的策略至今依舊在使用<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rethinking Society in the 21st Century|last1=Walby|first1=Kevin|last2=Monaghan|first2=Jeffery|date=2016|publisher=Canadian Scholars|isbn=978-1-55130-936-1|editor-last=Bezanson|editor-first=Kate|edition=4th|location=Toronto|page=[{{google books|oWO_DAAAQBAJ|page=148|plainurl=yes}} 148], note 1|chapter=Private Eyes and Public Order: Policing and Surveillance in the Suppression of Animal Rights Activists in Canada|oclc=1002804017|editor-last2=Webber|editor-first2=Michelle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Globalization in the 21st Century: Labor, Capital, and the State on a World Scale|last=Orr|first=Martin|date=2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-10639-0|editor-last=Berberoglu|editor-first=Berch|page=[{{google books|xU3FAAAAQBAJ|page=182|plainurl=yes}} 182]|chapter=The Failure of Neoliberal Globalization and the End of Empire|oclc=700167013}}</ref><ref name="FBI Secrets 1995">{{Cite book|title=FBI Secrets: An Agent's Expose|last=Swearingen|first=M. Wesley|date=1995|publisher=South End Press|isbn=978-0-89608-502-2|location=Boston|oclc=31330305|quote=[Special Agent Gregg York:] We expected about twenty Panthers to be in the apartment when the police raided the place. Only two of those black nigger fuckers were killed, Fred Hampton and Mark Clark.|author-link=M. Wesley Swearingen}}</ref><ref name="itsabouttimebpp.com">{{Cite web|title=Murder of Fred Hampton|url=http://www.itsabouttimebpp.com/Chapter_History/pdf/Chicago/Murder_of_Fred_Hampton_1969.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215210352/http://www.itsabouttimebpp.com/Chapter_History/pdf/Chicago/Murder_of_Fred_Hampton_1969.pdf|archive-date=2010-02-15|access-date=2009-07-19|website=It's About Time – Black Panther Party Legacy & Alumni}}</ref> 。而根據參議院的一份報告，他們認為聯邦調查局的動機是「保護國家安全，防止暴力，維護現有的社會和政治秩序」<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_III.pdf|title=Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities, Book III: Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans|date=1976|docket=S. Rep. No. 94-755|access-date=2017-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418092233/http://www.intelligence.senate.gov/pdfs94th/94755_II.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-18|type=Final Report|url-status=live}}</ref>。
[[Category:美國反共主義]]
[[Category:美國反共主義]]
[[Category:政治迫害]]
[[Category:政治迫害]]

2023年1月27日 (五) 11:02的版本

反情報計劃（英語：COunter INTELligence PROgram，簡稱︰COINTELPRO）是1956年至1971年間美國聯邦調查局一系列違憲的秘密政治迫害計劃[1][2]，其目的是監視、滲透、中傷及擾亂國內的政治團體[3][4]。聯邦調查局記錄顯示反情報計劃的有關組織會把聯邦調查局認為有顛覆性的組織和個人作為目標[5]，其中包括美國共產黨[6]、反越戰運動[7]、黑人民權運動（如馬丁路德金、伊斯蘭國度、黑豹黨）[8]、美國印第安運動[8]、波多黎各獨立運動[7]、第二波女權主義運動[9][10]、環保運動及各種進步派社運團體等[7][11]。

1971年，聯邦調查局在聖地亞哥資助、武裝和控制了一個由組成的極右翼共準軍事組織，將其轉變為一個名為“秘密軍隊組織（Secret Army Organization）”的組織，以參與反戰運動的團體、活動家和領導人為目標，對他們使用恐嚇和暴力行為[12][13][14]。FBI自成立以來就對國內各政治團體採取秘密行動，反情報計劃於1956年至1971年間盛行，通過心理戰策略比如偽造文件和在媒體上植入虛假報導來抹黑目標、騷擾、 非法監禁、暴力，甚至暗殺來完全任務，許多這些的策略至今依舊在使用[15][16][17][18] 。而根據參議院的一份報告，他們認為聯邦調查局的動機是「保護國家安全，防止暴力，維護現有的社會和政治秩序」[19]。

  1. ^ I. Introduction and Summary (PDF). Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans – Church Committee final report. II. United States Senate. 1976-04-26: 10 [2014-07-15]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-04-18）. 
  2. ^ Wolf, Paul. COINTELPRO: The Untold American Story. World Conference Against Racism. Durbin, South Africa: 11. 1 September 2001 [14 February 2018]. （原始内容存档于9 March 2016）.  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
  3. ^ Jalon, Allan M. A break-in to end all break-ins. The Los Angeles Times. 8 March 2006 [2014-07-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-03）. 
  4. ^ The Dangers of Domestic Spying by Federal Law Enforcement (PDF) (报告). American Civil Liberties Union. 2002 [2017-11-14]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-02-05）. 
  5. ^ Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri. The FBI: A History. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 2008: 189 [2007]. ISBN 978-0-300-14284-6. OCLC 223872966. 
  6. ^ Weiner 2012，第195頁.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Bosi, Lorenzo; Giugni, Marco; Uba, Katrin (编). The Consequences of Social Movements. Cambridge University Press. 2016: 66. ISBN 978-1107539211. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Newton, Michael. White Robes and Burning Crosses: A History of the Ku Klux Klan from 1866. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 2014: 146. ISBN 978-0-7864-7774-6. OCLC 877370955. 
  9. ^ Salper, Roberta. U.S. Government Surveillance and the Women's Liberation Movement, 1968–1973: A Case Study. Feminist Studies. 2008, 34 (3): 431–455 [2022-07-12] –通过JSTOR. 
  10. ^ The Women's Liberation Movement and COINTELPRO (PDF). www.freedomarchives.org. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-07-24）. 
  11. ^ Groups targeted by COINTELPRO. （原始内容存档于10 September 2012）. 
  12. ^ Newton, Michael. The FBI Encyclopedia. McFarland. 2012: 143–145 [2018-06-13]. ISBN 978-1476604176. （原始内容存档于2019-04-05） （英语）. 
  13. ^ Chomsky, Noam. Triumphs of Democracy. chomsky.info (excerpt from Language and Responsibility). [2020-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2009-01-05）. 
  14. ^ The San Diego Coup. Ramparts. （原始内容存档于2005-03-08）. 
  15. ^ Walby, Kevin; Monaghan, Jeffery. Private Eyes and Public Order: Policing and Surveillance in the Suppression of Animal Rights Activists in Canada. Bezanson, Kate; Webber, Michelle (编). Rethinking Society in the 21st Century 4th. Toronto: Canadian Scholars. 2016: 148, note 1. ISBN 978-1-55130-936-1. OCLC 1002804017. 
  16. ^ Orr, Martin. The Failure of Neoliberal Globalization and the End of Empire. Berberoglu, Berch (编). Globalization in the 21st Century: Labor, Capital, and the State on a World Scale. Springer. 2010: 182. ISBN 978-0-230-10639-0. OCLC 700167013. 
  17. ^ Swearingen, M. Wesley. FBI Secrets: An Agent's Expose. Boston: South End Press. 1995. ISBN 978-0-89608-502-2. OCLC 31330305. [Special Agent Gregg York:] We expected about twenty Panthers to be in the apartment when the police raided the place. Only two of those black nigger fuckers were killed, Fred Hampton and Mark Clark. 
  18. ^ Murder of Fred Hampton (PDF). It's About Time – Black Panther Party Legacy & Alumni. [2009-07-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2010-02-15）. 
  19. ^ Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities, Book III: Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans (PDF) (Final Report). 1976 [2017-11-17]. S. Rep. No. 94-755. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-04-18）. 
取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=反情報計劃&oldid=75705460”