约旦吞并约旦河西岸
约旦吞并约旦河西岸是指1950年4月24日约旦正式吞并约旦河西岸的举动，此前在1948年阿拉伯-以色列战争期间，约旦占领了此前曾属于巴勒斯坦托管地的领土[1][2][3]。这次并吞使得约旦的人口从40万增加到130万[4]。
在1948年阿拉伯-以色列战争期间，约旦的阿拉伯军团控制了包括杰里科、伯利恒、希伯仑、纳布卢斯、东耶路撒冷、耶路撒冷旧城在内的约旦河西岸地区[5]。
在1948年12月召开的杰里科会议上，来自约旦河西岸的数百位巴勒斯坦知识分子聚集在一起，他们决定接受约旦的统治，并承认阿卜杜拉一世是他们的领导人。1950年4月24日约旦吞并约旦河西岸后，大多数国家并不承认，而且认为约旦此举是非法和无效的[6]。一个月之后，阿拉伯国家联盟承认约旦可以暂且托管约旦河西岸地区，直到巴勒斯坦问题解决为止。英国、美国、伊拉克以及巴基斯坦 [6][7][8][9][10]承认了约旦的并吞举动。当约旦在1955年加入联合国时，没有国家因为约旦吞并约旦河西岸而拒绝让约旦加入联合国[11]。
后来约旦规定约旦河西岸的居民享有约旦的公民权，此时约旦的人口增加了一倍以上[5]。这些加入约旦国籍的约旦河西岸居民和其他约旦人一样可以在政府机关中任职，而且机会均等，并且不会遭到歧视，而且约旦议会中有一半的议席来自约旦河西岸地区[12]。
在第三次中东战争期间，约旦河西岸被以色列占领。1988年，约旦方面表示约旦河西岸不再是约旦领土，亦不再受约旦行政机构管辖。约旦河西岸的阿拉伯人丧失了约旦的公民权，不再是约旦公民。
参见[编辑]
参考文献[编辑]
- ^ Eyal Benvenisti. The International Law of Occupation. Princeton University Press. 2004: 108–. ISBN 978-0-691-12130-7.
- ^ Raphael Israeli, Jerusalem divided: the armistice regime, 1947–1967, Volume 23 of Cass series – Israeli history, politics, and society, Psychology Press, 2002, p. 23.
- ^ "Under Jordanian occupation since the 1948 Palestine war," Chicago Tribune, 3 June 1954
- ^ Mishal, Shaul. "Chapter 4. Conflictual Pressures and Cooperative Interests: Observations on West Bank-Amman Political Relations, 1949–1967". Palestinian Society and Politics, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980, pp. 169-184. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854479.169
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Cavendish, Richard. Jordan Formally Annexes the West Bank. History Today. 4 April 2000 [23 January 2017]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-21）.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Benveniśtî, Eyāl. The international law of occupation. Princeton University Press. 2004: 108. ISBN 978-0-691-12130-7.
This purported annexation was, however, widely regarded as illegal and void, by the Arab League and others, and was recognized only by Britain, Iraq, and Pakistan.
- ^ Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, Volume V - Office of the Historian. history.state.gov. [2023-08-14]. （原始内容存档于2023-08-14）.
- ^ Joseph Massad said that the members of the Arab League granted de facto recognition and that the United States had formally recognized the annexation, except for Jerusalem. See Massad, Joseph A. Colonial Effects: The Making of National Identity in Jordan. New York: Columbia University Press. 2001: 229. ISBN 978-0-231-12323-5.
- ^ George Washington University. Law School. The George Washington international law review. George Washington University. 2005: 390 [21 December 2010].
Jordan's illegal occupation and Annexation of the West Bank
- ^ It is often stated that Pakistan recognized it as well, but that is disputed; see S. R. Silverburg, Pakistan and the West Bank: A research note, Middle Eastern Studies, 19:2 (1983) 261–263.
- ^ Kattan, Victor. The False Premise Sustaining Israel's West Bank Claim – Part I. Opinio Juris. 2019-04-08 [2023-03-10]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-07）.
When Jordan was admitted to membership of the UN in 1955, no state challenged the legality of Jordan’s union with the West Bank. This was in stark contrast to the debates on Israel’s application for membership of the UN that was debated in the UN Security Council in 1948 and in the Ad Hoc Political Committee of the third session of the UN General Assembly in 1949.
- ^ Nils August Butenschon; Uri Davis; Manuel Sarkis Hassassian. Citizenship and the State in the Middle East: Approaches and Applications. Syracuse University Press. 2000 [18 October 2015]. ISBN 978-0-8156-2829-3. （原始内容存档于2023-02-07）.