查看“︁杂鱼”︁的源代码

'''杂鱼'''（{{lang-en-us|rough fish|link=yes}}；{{lang-en-gb|coarse fish|link=yes}}；{{lang-ja|雑魚/ざこ|zako|link=yes}}）在[[汉语]]和[[日语]]中泛指[[品质]]和[[价格|价位]]都较为低贱的[[食用鱼|经济鱼]]；在[[英语]]中通常指[[休闲捕鱼|休闲]][[垂钓]]者常见到但并不喜欢捕获的“低价值”[[鱼类]]（通常为[[淡水鱼]]），与受欢迎的[[游钓鱼]]（game fish）相对应<ref name="mississippi-river.com">Carlander HB (1954) [http://www.mississippi-river.com/umrcc/Reports/Publications/HistoryOfFishAndFishing.pdf ''A history of fish and fishing in the upper Mississippi River''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mississippi-river.com/umrcc/Reports/Publications/HistoryOfFishAndFishing.pdf |date=20160303191040 }} Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, University of California.</ref>。

== 英文词源 ==
在[[美国]]，最早使用“rough fish”（[[直译]]是“粗糙的鱼”）说法的记载来自于[[爱荷华州立大学]]的[[博士生]]哈莉特·卡兰德（Harriet Bell Carlander，?～1973）在1954年出版的历史传记《密西西比河上游的鱼和渔业史》（''A History of Fish and Fishing on the Upper Mississippi River''）一书，其中提到在[[19世纪]]中后期[[美国中部]]特别是密西西比河[[流域]]的商业[[渔民]]经常在捕捞后就在[[渔船]]上进行[[鱼肉]]加工，以便随后就能直接将处理好的鱼肉送到码头旁的水产市场销售。在夏季高温天气，装满了捕获的渔船因为重载导致航速较慢，需要减负以防时间长了会发生鱼肉[[腐烂]]以至于在卖到市场前就连带毁掉整船舱的鱼，因此渔民们常用的策略是将加工后品相较好（因此卖价可以更高）的鱼肉保存，然后将只粗略加工过（通常只掏掉了内脏，但还没[[菲力|切柳]]）的死鱼干脆直接扔回河里抛弃。因此“杂鱼”在[[美式英语]]中的原意是指未能完整加工因此卖不出好市价而被扔掉的廉价鱼肉，之后逐渐[[贬义]]化开始泛指任何“不讨人喜爱”的鱼<ref name="mississippi-river.com"/>。

=== 使用习惯的差别 ===
在[[英国]]，“杂鱼”（coarse fish）泛指任何不是[[鲑鱼]]和[[鳟鱼]]的鱼类，并不是个贬义词<ref name="Tom Dickson 1990"/>。而[[英式英语]]中的“coarse fishing”则泛指任何鲑鱼和鳟鱼以外捕捉[[淡水鱼]]的[[捕鱼]]行为，包括[[欧洲鲤鱼]]、[[狗鱼]]、[[鲷鱼]]、[[欧鳊]]、[[魮屬|魮鱼]]、[[欧鲶]]、[[鳗鲡]]等在英国和[[欧洲]]都很受欢迎的游钓鱼。

[[明尼苏达州]]自然资源部（Minnesota Department of Natural Resources）已经开始初步像[[美国]]其他[[州 (美国)|州]]一样将“杂鱼”的称呼换成“缺乏使用的鱼”（underused fish）<ref>Minnesota Fishing Regulation Booklet, 2010{{cite web |url=http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/rlp/regulations/fishing/fishing2010.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-07-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226033246/http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/rlp/regulations/fishing/fishing2010.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-26 }}</ref><ref name=":1" />，但成果非常有限<ref name=":0" />。而美国[[俚语]]中将杂鱼称为“垃圾鱼”（trash fish）或“土鱼”（dirt fish）的习惯虽然在许多地方都常见，但[[渔业]]人员在正式场合会尽量避免使用这种说法。

=== 定义的主观性 ===
属于“杂鱼”范畴的鱼并没有一个标准的列表。在一个地区无人问津的杂鱼到了另一个文化和传统不同的地区可能就变成抢手的游钓鱼。比如在[[美国]]和[[澳大利亚]]，[[欧洲鲤鱼]]很不受欢迎，但在[[欧洲大陆]]则传统上一直被视作最佳的游钓鱼，而且在[[亚洲]]大部分地区则是首等重要的[[食用鱼]]；[[中国大陆]]的钓鱼者经常出于嫌弃将钓获的野生[[罗非鱼]]（[[外来种|外来]]的[[入侵物种]]）随手直接扔回水中，而罗非鱼在美国却是市场消耗量第四大的食用鱼。此外随着[[渔具]]的进步和捕鱼方式的演化、娱乐习惯的变化（比如用[[複合弓 (現代弓)|复合弓]]射鱼<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Lackmann|first=Alec R.|last2=Andrews|first2=Allen H.|last3=Butler|first3=Malcolm G.|last4=Bielak-Lackmann|first4=Ewelina S.|last5=Clark|first5=Mark E.|date=2019-05-23|title=Bigmouth Buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus sets freshwater teleost record as improved age analysis reveals centenarian longevity|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-019-0452-0|journal=Communications Biology|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1–14|doi=10.1038/s42003-019-0452-0|issn=2399-3642|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-09-24|archive-date=2021-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223055958/https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-019-0452-0|dead-url=no}}</ref>）以及[[食品加工]]、[[烹饪]]手段和食用方式的更新，一些杂鱼随着时间发展可能会被当地人接受并成为人气极高的游钓鱼，而一些原本受欢迎的游钓鱼也可能失去人气变成不受待见的杂鱼<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Minnesota Fishing Regulations 2020|url=https://files.dnr.state.mn.us/rlp/regulations/fishing/fishing_regs.pdf#view=fit&pagemode=bookmarks|access-date=2021-09-24|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422234701/https://files.dnr.state.mn.us/rlp/regulations/fishing/fishing_regs.pdf#view=fit&pagemode=bookmarks|dead-url=no}}</ref>。在美国，[[长吻雀鳝]]在[[俄亥俄州]]被看做一种令人厌恶的杂鱼（因为细刺很多无法切柳），但是在[[路易斯安那州]]却被当地人当做美食，常常被[[绞肉|绞碎]]做成[[鱼丸]]用[[油炸]][[瑞典肉丸]]的方式烹饪<ref>Becker, George C. (1983) [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/EcoNatRes/EcoNatRes-idx?type=header&id=EcoNatRes.FishesWI&isize=M ''Fishes of Wisconsin''] {{Wayback|url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/EcoNatRes/EcoNatRes-idx?type=header&id=EcoNatRes.FishesWI&isize=M |date=20171202041353 }} Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press</ref>。

=== 原生vs稀有 ===
许多美国州政府机构都会用“杂鱼”作为[[上位词|泛称]]来形容任何不受欢迎的[[原生动物|本土]]鱼种和令人头疼的[[入侵物种|入侵]]鱼种<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-02|title=112-year-old fish has broken a longevity record|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2019/08/oldest-freshwater-fish-discovered-radiocarbon-dating/|access-date=2020-06-15|website=National Geographic|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101133545/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2019/08/oldest-freshwater-fish-discovered-radiocarbon-dating/|dead-url=no}}</ref>，造成了有关北美原生[[特有种]]的定义混乱<ref name=":1" />。比如说，有些“杂鱼”是早年有意或无意被[[引进物种|引入]]到北美的（当年在美洲算是珍稀的）新鲜物种（比如[[欧洲鲤鱼]]、[[鳙鱼]]、[[鲢鱼]]、[[草鱼]]、[[鳢鱼]]），而现今已经完全[[归化 (生物学)|归化]]进入了新的栖息地；而另一些“杂鱼”则是与[[亚洲鲤鱼]]外表相似因而经常被误认的本土物种（比如[[小鲤牛胭脂鱼]]、[[小口牛胭脂鱼]]和[[亚口鱼科|吸口鲤鱼]]），因为在许多州都被混为一谈，公众很容易都一刀切当做“入侵性鲤鱼”对待，更不要说许多与鲤鱼完全不相似的其它本土鱼也因为“不受欢迎”而被牵连<ref name="Tom Dickson 1990">Rob Buffler and Tom Dickson (1990) ''Fishing for Buffalo: A Guide to the Pursuit, Lore & Cuisine of Buffalo, Carp, Mooneye, Gar, and other "Rough" Fish'' Culpepper Press, Minneapolis</ref>。这导致历史上许多北美本土鱼类（比如吸口鲤）遭到错误的怪责，为造成了颇受欢迎的[[太平洋鲑]]和[[小口黑鲈]]数量减少背了黑锅，而真正原因却是人类活动造成的[[过度捕捞]]、[[环境破坏]]和[[环境污染|污染]]造成了经济鱼的数量下跌；而一些本土鱼种则干脆就是因为不如一些引进鱼种（比如[[褐鳟]]）外形漂亮就被渔政部门冠以“杂鱼”标签<ref>{{cite web |last1=Miller |first1=Matthew L. |title=A Sucker (Myth) Is Born Every Minute |url=https://blog.nature.org/science/2015/03/02/a-sucker-myth-is-born-every-minute/ |website=blog.nature.org |publisher=Nature |access-date=2 May 2019 |archive-date=2021-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417012959/https://blog.nature.org/science/2015/03/02/a-sucker-myth-is-born-every-minute/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

== 前景 ==
许多传统的杂鱼物种现在已经被[[美国联邦政府]]定义为[[受威胁物种|受威胁]]的[[濒危]]或[[易危物种]]。因为这些[[原生物种]]的数量受到限制甚至在下降，已经在1973年被列入《濒危动物法》内<ref>US Fish and Wildlife Service ''[http://www.fws.gov/endangered/wildlife.html] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fws.gov/endangered/wildlife.html|date=20070921072436}}''</ref>。目前被[[美国鱼类及野生动物管理局]]收录的杂鱼品种有：
* 偏翼亚口鱼（''Catostomus latipinnis''）<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=E07V |title=ESA Listing for Flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis) |access-date=2021-09-24 |archive-date=2012-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306040243/http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=E07V |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* 长背亚口鱼（''Cycleptus elongatus''）<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=E060 |title=ESA Listing for Blue Sucker (Cycleptus elongatus) |access-date=2021-09-24 |archive-date=2012-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306040141/http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=E060 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* 短吻裂鳍亚口鱼（''Chasmistes brevirostris''）<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=E055 |title=ESA Listing for Shortnose Sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris) |access-date=2021-09-24 |archive-date=2013-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619045159/http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=E055 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* [[贵玉屈鱼]]（''Chasmistes cujus''）<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=E001 |title=ESA Listing for Cui-ui (Chasmistes cujus) |access-date=2021-09-24 |archive-date=2015-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011065800/http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=E001 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* 隆背骨尾鱼（''Gila cypha''）
* 美丽骨尾鱼（''Gila elegans''）
* 粗壮骨尾鱼（''Gila robusta''）
* 小鳍吸口鱼（''Moxostoma robustum''）<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=E06O |title=ESA Listing for Robust Redhorse (Moxostoma robustum) |access-date=2021-09-24 |archive-date=2013-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728021750/http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=E06O |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* 灰吸口鱼（''Moxostoma congestum''）<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=E0BB |title=ESA Listing for Gray Redhorse (moxostoma congestum) |access-date=2021-09-24 |archive-date=2012-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306040215/http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=E0BB |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* 镰鳍吸口鱼（''Moxostoma spp''）<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=E0AF |title=ESA Listing for Sicklefin Redhorse (Moxostoma sp.) |access-date=2021-09-24 |archive-date=2012-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306040221/http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=E0AF |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* 瓦氏吸口鱼（''Moxostoma valenciennesi''）<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=E09D |title=ESA Listing for Greater redhorse (Moxostoma valenciennesi) |access-date=2021-09-24 |archive-date=2012-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306040248/http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=E09D |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* [[尖头叶唇鱼]]（''Ptychocheilus lucius''）
* 锐项亚口鱼（''Xyrauchen texanus''）<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=E054 |title=ESA Listing for Razorback Sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) |access-date=2021-09-24 |archive-date=2015-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011070401/http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=E054 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

== 另见 ==
*[[游钓鱼]]
* [[食用鱼]]

== 参考 ==
{{reflist}}

== 来源 ==
* Carlander HB (1954) [http://www.mississippi-river.com/umrcc/Reports/Publications/HistoryOfFishAndFishing.pdf ''A history of fish and fishing in the upper Mississippi River''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mississippi-river.com/umrcc/Reports/Publications/HistoryOfFishAndFishing.pdf |date=20160303191040 }} Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, University of California. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191040/http://www.mississippi-river.com/umrcc/Reports/Publications/HistoryOfFishAndFishing.pdf Html version]
* Rob Buffler and Tom Dickson (1990) ''Fishing for Buffalo: A Guide to the Pursuit, Lore & Cuisine of Buffalo, Carp, Mooneye, Gar, and other "Rough" Fish'' Culpepper Press, Minneapolis.
* Becker, George C. (1983) [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/EcoNatRes/EcoNatRes-idx?type=header&id=EcoNatRes.FishesWI&isize=M ''Fishes of Wisconsin''] {{Wayback|url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/EcoNatRes/EcoNatRes-idx?type=header&id=EcoNatRes.FishesWI&isize=M |date=20171202041353 }} Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press
* Minnesota Fishing Regulation Booklet, 2010 [https://web.archive.org/web/20141226033246/http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/rlp/regulations/fishing/fishing2010.pdf]
* US Fish and Wildlife Service Endangered Species Program ''[http://www.fws.gov/endangered/wildlife.html] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fws.gov/endangered/wildlife.html |date=20070921072436 }}''

== 外部链接 ==
* [http://www.roughfish.com Roughfish.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.roughfish.com/ |date=20211109164255 }}
* [http://www.answers.com/topic/rough-fish rough fish: Definition from Answers.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/rough-fish |date=20160303202859 }}

[[Category:釣魚]]
[[Category:食用魚]]