真實發展指標

真實發展指標( Genuine progress indicator，GPI ) 是一个旨在彌補国内生产总值 (GDP)的缺陷而提出的指标。 ^[1] GPI中納入了更多的环境和社会因素，這樣的話可以更充分地體現出一个国家的幸福水平，而且其中只有一部分与国家的经济水平有关。例如当貧窮率增加时，GPI中的一些指數会下降。^[2]

参考文献

^ Kubiszewski, Ida; Costanza, Robert; Franco, Carol; Lawn, Philip; Talberth, John; Jackson, Tim; Aylmer, Camille. Beyond GDP: Measuring and achieving global genuine progress. Ecological Economics. September 2013, 93: 57–68 [2022-05-20]. ISSN 0921-8009. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.04.019. （原始内容存档于2020-05-18）.
^ Bensel, Terrence; Turk, Jon. Contemporary Environmental Issues. Bridgepoint Education. 2011 [2022-05-20]. ISBN 9781935966159. 1935966154. （原始内容存档于2022-05-20）.

[1] Kubiszewski, Ida; Costanza, Robert; Franco, Carol; Lawn, Philip; Talberth, John; Jackson, Tim; Aylmer, Camille. Beyond GDP: Measuring and achieving global genuine progress. Ecological Economics. September 2013, 93: 57–68 [2022-05-20]. ISSN 0921-8009. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.04.019. （原始内容存档于2020-05-18）.

[turk-and-bensel-2] Bensel, Terrence; Turk, Jon. Contemporary Environmental Issues. Bridgepoint Education. 2011 [2022-05-20]. ISBN 9781935966159. 1935966154. （原始内容存档于2022-05-20）.

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