English: Map of the Tulunid Amirate under Ahmad ibn Tulun in 881 AD, following the conquest of Syria and Diyar Mudar in ca. 878-879, and before the loss of Qarqisiyya and the thughur in 882.

Geographical information regarding the districts and cities of Egypt, Syria and al-Jazirah is derived from Ibn Khurradadhbih pp. 54-61, 72 (French translation), with the sole exception of the Tulunid capital of al-Qatta'i.

The identity of Tulunid mint cities is derived from Shamma, p. 44.

Background topography taken from DEMIS Mapserver, which are public domain.

Works Cited:

• Bianquis, Thierry. "Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Tulun to Kafur, 868-969." The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume One: Islamic Egypt, 640-1517. Ed. Carl F. Petry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 國際標準書號 0-521-47137-0
• Haarmann, U. "Khumarawayh." The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume V. New Ed. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1986. 國際標準書號 90-04-07819-3.
• Ibn Khurradadhbih, Abu al-Qasim 'Abd Allah. Kitab al-Masalik wa'l-Mamalik. Ed and trans. M.J. de Goeje. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1889.
• Al-Kindi, Muhammad ibn Yusuf. The Governors and Judges of Egypt. Ed. Rhuvon Guest. Leyden and London: E.J. Brill, 1912.
• Shamma, Samir. "The Coinage of the Tulunids in Filastin: A Short Historical Note. Al-Abhath, 24 (1971), pp. 43-49.
• Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir. The History of al-Tabari, Volume XXXVII: The 'Abbasid Recovery. Trans. Philip M. Fields. Ed. Ehsan Yar-Shater. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1985. 國際標準書號 0-88706-054-4, pp. 81-82