鹽岩地表構造

鹽岩地表構造（英語：salt surface structure）是指鹽層延伸到地表上所出現的構造，由於鹽在壓力下具有流體的獨特能力，當有壓力差異時，底闢或席狀鹽層能穿過上覆地層，達到地球表面形成的構造^[1]^[2]。

類型

鹽岩地表構造一般有四種形態：鹽岩翼式侵入、噴出式推進、逆衝式推進。露趾式推進。四者之間均有過渡的形態.

鹽岩翼式侵入構造

鹽岩翼式侵入構造（英語：Salt-wing intrusions）是一種在擠壓環境中造成的構造，鹽岩被擠壓上升到淺層後，沿同一層理面向周邊溢出的中間厚，周邊薄的鹽丘構造^[1]^[3]^[4]。

噴出式推進構造

噴出式推進構造（英語：Extrusive advances）是指當底闢到達地表後，鹽岩即如同火山岩漿，因重力作用開始向周邊擴展^[1]。這種流動會形成兩個結構。首先，由於鹽的頂部比底部流動得更快，沿前緣會有一個滾動結構。其次，流動中，鹽岩會覆蓋同時沉積的沉積物，導致鹽岩能向新的地層層位爬升前進^[3]。

逆衝推進構造

逆衝推進構造（英語：Thrust advances）是指在逆衝斷層構造運動中，鹽層被用作斷層面與斷層上盤一起滑動的構造^[3] ^[5]。

露趾式推進構造

露趾式推進構造（英語：Open-toed advance）是從噴出式推進構造演化而來，當大部分地表鹽岩被溶解時，在地表流動只剩腳趾狀的前進邊緣。故稱露趾式推進構造^[3] ^[6]。

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Hudec, Michael R.; Jackson, Martin P.A. (2007). "Terra infirma: Understanding salt tectonics". Earth-Science Reviews. 82 (1): 1–28. Bibcode:2007ESRv...82....1H. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.01.001
^ Hudec, Michael R.; Jackson, Martin P.A. (2006). "Advance of allochthonous salt sheets in passive margins and orogens". AAPG Bulletin. 90 (10): 1535–1564. doi:10.1306/05080605143
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Fossen, Haakon (2010-07-15). Structural Geology. Cambridge University Press. p. 388. ISBN 978-1-139-48861-7
^ Weijermars, D.M.; Jackson, M.P.A.; Venderville, B. (1993). "Rheological and tectonic modeling of salt provinces". Tectonophysics. 217 (1–2): 143. Bibcode:1993Tectp.217..143W. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90208-2
^ Rouby, D; Raillard, Stéphane; Guillocheau, François; Bouroullec, Renaud; Nalpas, Thierry (2002). "Kinematics of a growth fault/raft system on the West African margin using 3-D restoration". Journal of Structural Geology. 24 (4): 783. Bibcode:2002JSG....24..783R. doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00108-0
^ Vendeville, BC; Jackson, MPA (August 1992). "The rise of diapirs during thin-skinned extension" (PDF). Marine and Petroleum Geology. 9 (4): 331–354. doi:10.1016/0264-8172(92)90047-I

[”Hudec”-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Hudec, Michael R.; Jackson, Martin P.A. (2007). "Terra infirma: Understanding salt tectonics". Earth-Science Reviews. 82 (1): 1–28. Bibcode:2007ESRv...82....1H. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.01.001

[”Hudec1”-2] Hudec, Michael R.; Jackson, Martin P.A. (2006). "Advance of allochthonous salt sheets in passive margins and orogens". AAPG Bulletin. 90 (10): 1535–1564. doi:10.1306/05080605143

[”Fossen”-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Fossen, Haakon (2010-07-15). Structural Geology. Cambridge University Press. p. 388. ISBN 978-1-139-48861-7

[”Weijermars”-4] Weijermars, D.M.; Jackson, M.P.A.; Venderville, B. (1993). "Rheological and tectonic modeling of salt provinces". Tectonophysics. 217 (1–2): 143. Bibcode:1993Tectp.217..143W. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90208-2

[”Rouby”-5] Rouby, D; Raillard, Stéphane; Guillocheau, François; Bouroullec, Renaud; Nalpas, Thierry (2002). "Kinematics of a growth fault/raft system on the West African margin using 3-D restoration". Journal of Structural Geology. 24 (4): 783. Bibcode:2002JSG....24..783R. doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00108-0

[”Vendeville”-6] Vendeville, BC; Jackson, MPA (August 1992). "The rise of diapirs during thin-skinned extension" (PDF). Marine and Petroleum Geology. 9 (4): 331–354. doi:10.1016/0264-8172(92)90047-I

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