File:Bruce Abbott (1988).jpg

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Bruce_Abbott_(1988).jpg ‎（354 × 464 像素，檔案大小：80 KB，MIME 類型：image/jpeg）

摘要

描述
English: Bruce Abbott in publicity photo for Summer Heat
日期
來源 eBay
Front and back
作者 Showtime
授權許可
(重用此檔案)
English: This is a publicity still taken and publicly distributed to promote the subject or a work relating to the subject.
  • As stated by film production expert Eve Light Honathaner in The Complete Film Production Handbook (Focal Press, 2001, p. 211.):
    "Publicity photos (star headshots) have traditionally not been copyrighted. Since they are disseminated to the public, they are generally considered public domain, and therefore clearance by the studio that produced them is not necessary."
  • Nancy Wolff, in The Professional Photographer's Legal Handbook (Allworth Communications, 2007, p. 55.), notes:
    "There is a vast body of photographs, including but not limited to publicity stills, that have no notice as to who may have created them."
  • Film industry author Gerald Mast, in Film Study and the Copyright Law (1989, p. 87), writes:
    "According to the old copyright act, such production stills were not automatically copyrighted as part of the film and required separate copyrights as photographic stills. The new copyright act similarly excludes the production still from automatic copyright but gives the film's copyright owner a five-year period in which to copyright the stills. Most studios have never bothered to copyright these stills because they were happy to see them pass into the public domain, to be used by as many people in as many publications as possible."
  • Kristin Thompson, committee chairperson of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies writes in the conclusion of a 1993 conference of cinema scholars and editors[1], that:
    "[The conference] expressed the opinion that it is not necessary for authors to request permission to reproduce frame enlargements... [and] some trade presses that publish educational and scholarly film books also take the position that permission is not necessary for reproducing frame enlargements and publicity photographs."
其他版本
圖片提取流程
本檔案提取自另一個檔案
：​Bruce Abbott and Lori Singer – Summer Heat.jpg
原始檔案

授權條款

  • This is a press photo, of which many were made available to the public in promotion of the film.
  • Photo contains no copyright notice on either front or back.
  • A search with the U.S. Copyright Office does not produce a registration record pertaining to publicity materials, including photos, stills, or other works of a promotional nature related to the film Summer Heat (1987). There is no evidence this photograph is under copyright.


Public domain
本作品屬於公有領域，是因為該作品於1978年至1989年3月1日間於美國發表且不帶著作權聲明，其著作權在5年內沒有持續在美國著作權局登記。但除非該作品作者已經過世多年，否則在對於美國作品不適用較短期限法則的國家和地區仍受著作權保護，如加拿大（過世後50年）、中國大陸（過世後50年，不含港澳地區）、德國（過世後70年）、墨西哥（過世後100年）、瑞士（過世後70年），以及其他有本地條約的國家。更多解釋請參閱這個頁面。

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