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皇冠

维基百科，自由的百科全书
英国的帝国皇冠侧面视角，皇冠的正面朝左（黑王子红宝石和库里南二世钻石从该角度仅能看到侧面）

皇冠（英语：imperial crown）是包括皇帝在内等拥有帝号的君主于加冕礼等场合下穿戴的一种冠冕。

设计

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中世纪时代的欧洲冠冕在设计和风格上各有不同：

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An open crown is one which consists basically of a golden circlet elaborately worked and decorated with precious stones or enamels. ... The medieval French crown was of this type. ... the closed crown, which had bands of metal crossing usually from one side to the other and from back to front so that they met in the middle, at the top of the head. ... These arches are in part utilitarian, since they serve to strengthen the crown, in part decorative, since they are normally made to serve as supports for a central cross or jewel, and in part traditional, since a contributing element to the evolution of many medieval crowns was the structure of the early Germanic helmet, which had metal bands crossing at the top of the head to protect the skull from injury.

A special case of a closed crown was that of the Holy Roman Empire. This was originally an open crown, made up of eight separate richly jewelled sections incorporating four magnificent enamelled plaques, but the Emperor Conrad II (1024–39) had added to it a kind of jewelled crest, running from front to back, to which he had thoughtfully attached his name, CHVONRADVS DEI GRATIA ROMANORV(M) IMPERATOR AVG(VSTVS). This jewelled crest was so closely associated with the notion of the imperial office that when the Habsburgs made a new imperial crown in the 15th century in which they incorporated two large cusps resembling a mitre seen sideways, they provided it with a similar crest running from front to back and topped with a central jewel. ... Strictly speaking, therefore, the only type of crown whose characteristics can properly be regarded as imperial was one with a single crest running from front to back. In practice, in countries unfamiliar with closed crowns at all, any kind of closed crown was assumed to be imperial in character.

——Philip Grierson[1]

During the Middle Ages the crowns worn by English kings had been described as both closed (or arched) and open designs. This was in contrast with kings of France who always wore an open crown. However, there is academic debate on how often closed crowns were used in England during this period, as the first unequivocal use of the closed crown was by Henry IV of England at his coronation on 13 October 1399.[2][3] However his effigy on his tomb in Canterbury Cathedral wears an open crown, so the link in England between the style of the crown and its representation as that worn by a king and an emperor was not established.[3] The use of a closed crown may have been adopted by the English as a way of distinguishing the English crown from the French crown,[4] but it also had other meanings to some. For example, Henry V of England wore a helmet-crown of the arched type at the Battle of Agincourt which the French knight St. Remy commented was "like the imperial crown".[5]

The association of the closed crown with imperial crowns was already established in Continental Europe by the late 14th century, for example the florins minted for Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor) sometimes show him with a closed crown (though on the commoner variety, the crown is open). A miniature picture in the Chronica Aulae Regiae written in the great abbey outside Prague depicts his mother Elizabeth, a queen of Bohemia, wearing an open crown, while his two wives, who had imperial titles, have closed ones.[6]

During the machinations that surrounded the introduction of the imperial crown under Henry VIII (see the section below Legal usage), the closed crown, became associated as a symbolic representation of the English Crown as an imperial crown,[7][a][b] and has remained so until this day.[10]

各式皇冠

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罗马帝国皇冠

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拜占庭帝国皇冠

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附有主教冠的皇冠

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马克西米连一世皇帝头戴附有主教冠的皇冠

带有单拱以及可展开式主教冠的皇冠

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带有单拱以及固定式主教冠形状的皇冠

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具有高拱形状的皇冠

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奥斯曼帝国皇冠

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普鲁士-德国皇冠

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拿破仑皇冠

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其他基于欧洲式冠冕设计的皇冠

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其他非欧洲式冠冕设计的皇冠

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参见

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参考文献

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  1. ^ Henry changed his coinage and his Great Seal from depicting himself with an open crown to a closed one to depict the imperial nature of the English Crown.[8]
  2. ^ Shortly before Henry VIII of England started his breach with the Roman Catholic Church, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, as regent for his son Philip the Handsome, had the real d'or coin struck depicting a closed crown, which due to the close trading links between the Low Countries and England would have made the imagery familiar to English men involved in trade and this may have influenced Henry's choice of a difference style of crown.[9]
  1. ^ Grierson 1964，第127–128页.
  2. ^ Chris Given-Wilson, Henry IV (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016), pp. 151-52.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Grierson 1964，第129页.
  4. ^ Grierson 1964，第129, 133页.
  5. ^ Grierson 1964，第130页.
  6. ^ Grierson 1964，第130 footnote 3页.
  7. ^ Grierson 1964，第118, 130–131页.
  8. ^ Grierson 1964，第131页.
  9. ^ Grierson 1964，第118, 134页.
  10. ^ Grierson 1964，第132页.

外部链接

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