乳牛肝菌属：修订间差异
（没有差异）
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2015年1月10日 (六) 06:19的版本
| 乳牛肝菌属 | ||||||||||||
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 S. luteus
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| 科學分類 | ||||||||||||
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| Suillus luteus (L.) Roussel (1821) | ||||||||||||
| 異名[1] | ||||||||||||
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乳牛肝菌（學名：Suillus bovinus），又稱粘盖牛肝菌，俗稱澤西奶牛蘑菇（Jersey cow mushroom），是一種擔子菌門真菌，隸屬於乳牛肝菌属。這種真菌是一種灰黃色的食用菌，主要在秋季的歐洲松樹林中出現，並且總是在红铆钉菇（Gomphidius roseu）的附近出現。[2]
Suillus is a genus of basidiomycete fungi in the family Suillaceae and order Boletales. Species in the genus are associated with trees in the pine family (Pinaceae), and are mostly distributed in temperate locations in the Northern Hemisphere, although some species have been introduced to the Southern Hemisphere.[3]
Taxonomy
The genus Suillus was first named by British botanist Samuel Frederick Gray in the first volume of his 1821 work A Natural Arrangement of British Plants. Setting Suillus luteus as the type species, he described the genus as those mushrooms with a centrally placed stipe, a distinct ring, a circular cap, and tubes that are stuck together.[4]
They have been commonly called "slippery jacks" because the cap of the fruit body is sometimes slimy. The genus name is derived from the Latin sus, meaning "pig". Prior to 1997, the genus Suillus was considered part of the family Boletaceae.
Description
Structures of the fungi in this genus in common with other members of the order Boletales include the presence of a cylindrical stipe, cap, soft flesh and tubular hymenium. Specific characteristics common to most species in Suillus are the cap cuticle which is often slimy and sticky when moist, the presence of darkly staining, clustered, sterile cells called cystidia that give the tube mouths or the stipe surface a speckled or glandular appearance, spores that are usually cinnamon brown or chocolate brown in mass, and obligate mycorrhizal relationships primarily with members of the Pinaceae, especially with members of the genera Pinus, Larix and Pseudotsuga.
Intra-genus variation may be demonstrated by differences in colour and ornamentation of the cap cuticle, flesh, pores and stipe, the presence of a partial veil in immature forms and annuli thereafter, pore shape and distribution, as well as habitat. The cap cuticle is dark brown in S. brevipes, and yellow in S. grevillei. S. granulatus has a smooth cap cuticle, while that of S. lakei is finely scaly. The pores are bright yellow in S. collinitus, cinnamon in S. variegatus and grey in S. viscidus; in shape they are round in S. luteus and angular in S. bovinus. The flesh is white to yellow in S. luteus, while it is pallid in S. variegatus with a tendency to turn blue when exposed to air. Young S. luteus and S. grevillei bear partial veils whose remnants remain as annuli hanging from the stipe; in S. granulatus the stipe is bare. S. viscidus and S. grevillei occur under larch (Larix) only, while S. sibiricus is restricted to a few species of 5-needled pine (Pinus).
Habitat and distribution
Species of Suillus are found all over the Northern Hemisphere where members of the tree family Pinaceae can be found. Although a few species are distributed in tropical regions (usually mountainous areas), most are limited to temperate areas. Some species have been introduced adventitiously with pine trees in pine plantations outside the natural area of Pinaceae.[5]
Some Suillus species have entered regional red lists as endangered or vulnerable. Seven European countries have listed S. sibiricus.[6] Individual countries have also listed other species, including S. flavidus, S. tridentinus, S. collinitus, S. plorans and S. lakei.[7]
Uses
Some Suillus species are edible and are highly esteemed, particularly in Slavic countries, where they are generally referred to as butter mushrooms. They are generally picked as buttons when the flesh is still firm. In some species, the slimy cap coat acts as a purgative when consumed and should be removed before cooking. Species of Suillus have been associated with the term "bolete", given to members of other genera bearing pores, most notably Boletus.
Some species can be used to make mushroom dyes, like S. americanus, S. cothurnatus, S. granulatus,[8] and S. luteus.[9]
分類
乳牛肝菌最早是由瑞典植物學家卡尔·林奈於1753年描述的，其學名為粘蓋牛肝菌（Boletus bovinus）。後來，真菌學家羅素於1806年將其學名改為現名。[10]其學名中的「bovinus」源自拉丁文詞彙，意思是「牛」。[11]
描述
红铆钉菇的菌蓋直徑為3–10厘米（1.2–3.9英寸），呈粘土粉色，染著肉桂色或赭色色調。起初是凸面狀的，但隨著年齡增加會變成扁平狀或漏斗狀。其菌蓋]具粘性，且邊緣呈波浪狀。其菌柄高4–6厘米（1.6–.4英寸），厚0.5–0.8厘米（0.2–0.3英寸），呈黃赭色，並且呈倒錐體狀。其菌肉呈白色或黃色，並且僅有淡淡的味道。但是，部份文獻卻指出其味道甘甜，且有著果香氣味。其氣孔起初呈橄欖色，但隨著年齡增加會變成赭色，並且最終會變成粘土色。其孢子印呈橄欖色，而擔孢子的大小則為8–10 x 3–4微米。[12]
分佈及生境
乳牛肝菌非常常見，並且廣泛地分佈於歐洲，包括阿爾卑斯山等高山地區。這種真菌主要在針葉林或松樹林中成群結隊地出現，經常在红铆钉菇的附近出現，並且不時會隱藏在矮樹叢中。[13]其子實體多在秋季發芽。[14]
可食性
乳牛肝菌有著淡淡的味道，因此可供食用。[15]但是，部份文獻卻指出其味道甘甜，且有著果香氣味，因此是一種美味的真菌。[16]
生態
乳牛肝菌經常和红铆钉菇一起出現，且红铆钉菇只會與乳牛肝菌一起出現。[17]除此以外，現在有不少證據顯示，红铆钉菇是一種寄生真菌，而其宿主就是乳牛肝菌。[17][17]
Species
A list of Suillus species is presented below.
- S. acerbus
- S. acidus
- S. albidipes
- S. albivelatus
- S. americanus - Chicken-fat Suillus
- S. anomalus
- S. appendiculatus
- S. asiaticus
- S. bellinii
- S. borealis
- S. bovinus - Jersey cow mushroom
- S. bresadolae var. flavogriseus
- S. brevipes – Short-stalked Suillus
- S. brunnescens
- S. caerulescens
- S. cavipes
- S. cavipoides[18] – China
- S. collinitus
- S. cothurnatus
- S. decipiens
- S. flavidus
- S. flavo-granulatus
- S. fuscotomentosus
- S. glandulosipes
- S. granulatus – Dotted-stalk Suillus
- S. grevillei - Larch Suillus, Larch bolete
- S. grisellus
- S. helenae
- S. hirtellus
- S. intermedius
- S. kaibabensis
- S. kunmingensis[18] – China
- S. lactifluus
- S. lakei - Western painted Suillus
- S. luteus - Slippery Jack (many Suillus species are called by this common name)
- S. mediterraneensis
- S. megaporinus
- S. neoalbidipes
- S. nueschii
- S. occidentalis
- S. ochraceoroseus
- S. pallidiceps
- S. pinetorum[19]
- S. pinorigidus
- S. placidus - White Suillus
- S. plorans
- S. ponderosus
- S. pseudoalbivelatus
- S. pseudobrevipes
- S. punctatipes
- S. punctipes
- S. pungens – Pungent Suillus
- S. quiescens[20] – USA
- S. salmonicolor
- S. serotinus
- S. sibiricus
- S. spraguei – Painted Suillus
- S. subacerbus
- S. subalpinus
- S. subalutaceus
- S. subaureus
- S. subluteus - Slippery Jill
- S. subolivaceus
- S. tomentosus – Tomentose Suillus
- S. tridentinus
- S. variegatus - Velvet bolete
- S. viscidus - Sticky bolete
- S. volcanalis
- S. wasatchicus
- S. weaverae
參考文獻
- ^ Suillus Gray 1821. MycoBank. International Mycological Association. [2012-10-28].
- ^ Nilson S & Persson O. Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill-Fungi). Penguin. 1977: 112. ISBN 0-14-063005-8.
- ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. Dictionary of the Fungi 10th. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 2008: 672. ISBN 0-85199-826-7.
- ^ Gray SF. A Natural Arrangement of British Plants 1. London, UK: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. 1821: 646.
- ^ Singer R. The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy 4th. Königstein im Taunus, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. 1986: 752–7. ISBN 3-87429-254-1.
- ^ Dahlberg A, Croneborg H. The 33 Threatened Fungi in Europe. Council of Europe. 2006: 113. ISBN 978-92-871-5928-1.
- ^ Red Lists. European Council for the Conservation of Fungi. [2009-11-29].
- ^ Bessette A, Bessette AR. The Rainbow Beneath my Feet: A Mushroom Dyer's Field Guide. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. 2001: 49–52. ISBN 0-8156-0680-X.
- ^ Pazarioglu NK, Akkaya A, Sariisik AM, Erkan G, Kumbasar EPA. Dyeing of wool fibers with natural fungal dye from Suillus luteus. Asian Journal of Chemistry. 2011, 23 (6): 2600–4. ISSN 0970-7077.
- ^ Suillus bovinus - MycoBank
- ^ Roussel, H.F.A. 1796. Flore du Calvados et terrains adjacents, composée suivant la méthode de Jussieu. :1-268
- ^ Rogers Mushrooms - Suillus bovinus Mushroom
- ^ Haas, Hans. The Young Specialist looks at Fungi. Burke. 1969: 52. ISBN 0-222-79409-7.
- ^ Roger Phillips. Mushrooms. Pan MacMillan. 2006: 270–71. ISBN 0-330-44237-6.
- ^ Lamaison, Jean-Louis; Polese, Jean-Marie. The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms. Cologne: Könemann. 2005: 90. ISBN 978-3-8331-1239-3. OCLC 76834295.
- ^ Suillus bovinus, Bovine Bolete mushroom - First Nature
- ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Olsson PA, et al. (2000). Molecular and
anatomical evidence for a three-way association between Pinus sylvestris and the ectomycorrhizal fungi Suillus bovinus and Gomphidius roseus. Mycological Research 104: 1372–1378. (abstract) 引证错误：带有name属性“olsson”的
<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次 - ^ 18.0 18.1 Wang Q-B, Yao Y-J. Revision and nomenclature of several boletes in China. Mycotaxon. 2004, 89 (2): 341–8.
- ^ Engel H, Dermek A, Klofac W, Ludwig E, Brückner T. Schmier- und Filzröhrlinge s.l. in Europa. Die Gattungen Boletellus, Boletinus, Phylloporus, Suillus, Xerocomus. Weidhausen b. Coburg: Verlag Heinz Engel. 1996 （German）.
- ^ Bruns TD, Grusiba LC, Trappe JM, Kerekes JF, Vellinga EC. Suillus quiescens, a new species commonly found in the spore bank in California and Oregon. Mycologia. 2010, 102 (2): 438–46. PMID 20361510. doi:10.3852/09-149.
引证错误：在<references>标签中name属性为“urlMycoBank”的参考文献没有在文中使用
引证错误：在<references>标签中name属性为“Breitenbach”的参考文献没有在文中使用
<references>标签中name属性为“Nilsson”的参考文献没有在文中使用- Bessette AE, Roody WC & Bessette AR. (2000). North American boletes: A color guide to the fleshy pored mushrooms. China: Syracuse UP. 399 pp.
- Bruns TD, Palmer JD. Evolution of mushroom mitochondrial DNA: Suillus and related genera. Journal of Molecular Evolution. 1989, 28 (4): 349–362. PMID 2499689. doi:10.1007/BF02103431.
- Smith AH, Smith HV & Weber NS. (1981). How to know the non-gilled mushrooms. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown. 324 pp.
- National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms, Knopf, 1981.
