占星術和科學：修订间差异

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2017年11月11日 (六) 08:41的版本

占星術由許多不同的信想組成，認為天文現象與人類世界中的事件和人格描述之間存在著關係。占星術因為沒有描述宇宙的能力，不被科學界認同。已經進行過對占星術的科學測試，沒有證據顯示傳統的占星術意圖支援前述的前提^[1]。

占星術可否證性的預測，已被證偽^[1]^:424。最著名的測試由孝恩•卡爾森（英语：Shawn Carlson）領導，委員會的成員包括科學家和占星家。他得出的結論是生日占星（英语：natal astrology）的預測沒有比機會更好。占星家兼心理學家Michel Gauquelin宣稱發現對運動員出生日期的統計支持"火星效應（英语：Mars effect）"，但在進一步的研究中不能複製它Template:Quote without source。後繼的研究召集人聲稱Gauquelin曾經建議刪除納入研究的特定個體來試圖影響研究的標準。也有人暗示，Geoffrey Dean，的出生日期是由父母（在1950年之前）提供的，可能已經造成明顯的影響。

占星術未能證實它在可控制研究的有效性，並且也沒有科學有效性^[1]^[2]^:85，因此被認定為偽科學 ^[3]^[4]^:1350。基於生物學和物理學的基本方面，沒有行動機制的提議，恆星和行星的位置和運動可能會影響地球上的仁和事，但占星家反駁說他們並沒有充分的瞭解^[5]^:249^[6]。

概論

大多數職業占星家依靠占星基礎對人格測試和完成有關的預測， The majority of professional astrologers rely on performing astrology-based personality tests and making relevant predictions about the remunerator's future. 大多數專業占星家依靠進行 astrology-based 的人格測試, 並對 remunerator 的未來做出相關的預測。 ^[2]^:83。對那些繼續相信占星術的人，被描述為”不顧事實，他們的信仰沒有經過驗證的科學依據，並且實際上有強烈的證據反對^[7]。" 天體物理學家奈爾•德格拉斯•泰森對占星術的信仰發表了評論，他說"知道如何思考的一部分是知道自然規律如何塑造我們周圍的世界。沒有這些知識，沒有這種能力，你就很容易成為那些想利用你的人的犧牲品^[8]。"

占星術儘管欠缺可信度，但依然被視為低科學素養的一個例證^[9]。

與天文學的歷史關係

註解

參考資料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Zarka, Philippe. Astronomy and astrology. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 2011, 5 (S260): 420–425. doi:10.1017/S1743921311002602.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Bennett, Jeffrey; Donohue, Megan; Schneider, Nicholas; Voit, Mark. The cosmic perspective 4th. San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Addison-Wesley. 2007: 82–84. ISBN 0-8053-9283-1.
^
Hansson, Sven Ove; Zalta, Edward N. Science and Pseudo-Science. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. [6 July 2012].
- Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List. Astronomical Society of the Pacific.
^ Hartmann, P; Reuter, M.; Nyborga, H. The relationship between date of birth and individual differences in personality and general intelligence: A large-scale study. Personality and Individual Differences. May 2006, 40 (7): 1349–1362. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.017. To optimise the chances of finding even remote relationships between date of birth and individual differences in personality and intelligence we further applied two different strategies. The first one was based on the common chronological concept of time (e.g. month of birth and season of birth). The second strategy was based on the (pseudo-scientific) concept of astrology (e.g. Sun Signs, The Elements, and astrological gender), as discussed in the book Astrology: Science or superstition? by Eysenck and Nias (1982).
^ Vishveshwara, S.K.; Biswas, D.C.V.; Mallik, C.V. (编). Cosmic perspectives : essays dedicated to the memory of M.K.V. Bappu 1. publ. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. 1989. ISBN 0-521-34354-2.
^
Peter D. Asquith (编). Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, vol. 1. Dordrecht u.a.: Reidel u.a. 1978. ISBN 978-0-917586-05-7.
- Chapter 7: Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding. science and engineering indicators 2006. National Science Foundation. [28 July 2012]. About three-fourths of Americans hold at least one pseudoscientific belief; i.e., they believed in at least 1 of the 10 survey items[29]" ..." Those 10 items were extrasensory perception (ESP), that houses can be haunted, ghosts/that spirits of dead people can come back in certain places/situations, telepathy/communication between minds without using traditional senses, clairvoyance/the power of the mind to know the past and predict the future, astrology/that the position of the stars and planets can affect people's lives, that people can communicate mentally with someone who has died, witches, reincarnation/the rebirth of the soul in a new body after death, and channeling/allowing a "spirit-being" to temporarily assume control of a body.
^
Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists. The Humanist, September/October 1975. （原始内容存档于18 March 2009）.
- The Humanist, volume 36, no.5 (1976).
- Bok, Bart J.; Lawrence E. Jerome; Paul Kurtz. Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists. Patrick Grim (编). Philosophy of Science and the Occult. Albany: State University of New York Press. 1982: 14–18. ISBN 0-87395-572-2.
^ Ariz. Astrology School Accredited. The Washington Post. 27 August 2001.
^ Allum, Nick. What Makes Some People Think Astrology Is Scientific?. Science Communication. 13 December 2010, 33 (3): 341–366. doi:10.1177/1075547010389819. This underlies the "Barnum effect". Named after the 19th-century showman Phineas T. Barnum, whose circus act provided "a little something for everyone", it refers to the idea that people believe a statement about their personality that is vague or trivial if they think that it derives from some systematic procedure tailored especially for them (Dickson & Kelly, 1985; Furnham & Schofield, 1987; Rogers & Soule, 2009; Wyman & Vyse, 2008). For example, the more birth detail is used in an astrological prediction or horoscope, the more credulous people tend to be (Furnham, 1991). However, confirmation bias means that people do not tend to pay attention to other information that might disconfirm the credibility of the predictions.

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外部連結

Astrology & Science: The Scientific Exploration of Astrology
Merrifield, Michael. Right Ascension & Declination. Sixty Symbols. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham. —which also discusses ascension and declination errors in different systems of astrology

[Zarka-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Zarka, Philippe. Astronomy and astrology. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 2011, 5 (S260): 420–425. doi:10.1017/S1743921311002602.

[Cosmic-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Bennett, Jeffrey; Donohue, Megan; Schneider, Nicholas; Voit, Mark. The cosmic perspective 4th. San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Addison-Wesley. 2007: 82–84. ISBN 0-8053-9283-1.

[SandPSandAstroSoc-3] Hansson, Sven Ove; Zalta, Edward N. Science and Pseudo-Science. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. [6 July 2012].
Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List. Astronomical Society of the Pacific.

[4] Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List. Astronomical Society of the Pacific.

[Hartmann-4] Hartmann, P; Reuter, M.; Nyborga, H. The relationship between date of birth and individual differences in personality and general intelligence: A large-scale study. Personality and Individual Differences. May 2006, 40 (7): 1349–1362. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.017. To optimise the chances of finding even remote relationships between date of birth and individual differences in personality and intelligence we further applied two different strategies. The first one was based on the common chronological concept of time (e.g. month of birth and season of birth). The second strategy was based on the (pseudo-scientific) concept of astrology (e.g. Sun Signs, The Elements, and astrological gender), as discussed in the book Astrology: Science or superstition? by Eysenck and Nias (1982).

[Vishveshwara-5] Vishveshwara, S.K.; Biswas, D.C.V.; Mallik, C.V. (编). Cosmic perspectives : essays dedicated to the memory of M.K.V. Bappu 1. publ. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. 1989. ISBN 0-521-34354-2.

[AsquithNSF-6] Peter D. Asquith (编). Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, vol. 1. Dordrecht u.a.: Reidel u.a. 1978. ISBN 978-0-917586-05-7.
Chapter 7: Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding. science and engineering indicators 2006. National Science Foundation. [28 July 2012]. About three-fourths of Americans hold at least one pseudoscientific belief; i.e., they believed in at least 1 of the 10 survey items[29]" ..." Those 10 items were extrasensory perception (ESP), that houses can be haunted, ghosts/that spirits of dead people can come back in certain places/situations, telepathy/communication between minds without using traditional senses, clairvoyance/the power of the mind to know the past and predict the future, astrology/that the position of the stars and planets can affect people's lives, that people can communicate mentally with someone who has died, witches, reincarnation/the rebirth of the soul in a new body after death, and channeling/allowing a "spirit-being" to temporarily assume control of a body.

[8] Chapter 7: Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding. science and engineering indicators 2006. National Science Foundation. [28 July 2012]. About three-fourths of Americans hold at least one pseudoscientific belief; i.e., they believed in at least 1 of the 10 survey items[29]" ..." Those 10 items were extrasensory perception (ESP), that houses can be haunted, ghosts/that spirits of dead people can come back in certain places/situations, telepathy/communication between minds without using traditional senses, clairvoyance/the power of the mind to know the past and predict the future, astrology/that the position of the stars and planets can affect people's lives, that people can communicate mentally with someone who has died, witches, reincarnation/the rebirth of the soul in a new body after death, and channeling/allowing a "spirit-being" to temporarily assume control of a body.

[Humanist-7] Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists. The Humanist, September/October 1975. （原始内容存档于18 March 2009）.
The Humanist, volume 36, no.5 (1976).

Bok, Bart J.; Lawrence E. Jerome; Paul Kurtz. Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists. Patrick Grim (编). Philosophy of Science and the Occult. Albany: State University of New York Press. 1982: 14–18. ISBN 0-87395-572-2.

[10] The Humanist, volume 36, no.5 (1976).

[11] Bok, Bart J.; Lawrence E. Jerome; Paul Kurtz. Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists. Patrick Grim (编). Philosophy of Science and the Occult. Albany: State University of New York Press. 1982: 14–18. ISBN 0-87395-572-2.

[Post-8] Ariz. Astrology School Accredited. The Washington Post. 27 August 2001.

[Allum-9] Allum, Nick. What Makes Some People Think Astrology Is Scientific?. Science Communication. 13 December 2010, 33 (3): 341–366. doi:10.1177/1075547010389819. This underlies the "Barnum effect". Named after the 19th-century showman Phineas T. Barnum, whose circus act provided "a little something for everyone", it refers to the idea that people believe a statement about their personality that is vague or trivial if they think that it derives from some systematic procedure tailored especially for them (Dickson & Kelly, 1985; Furnham & Schofield, 1987; Rogers & Soule, 2009; Wyman & Vyse, 2008). For example, the more birth detail is used in an astrological prediction or horoscope, the more credulous people tend to be (Furnham, 1991). However, confirmation bias means that people do not tend to pay attention to other information that might disconfirm the credibility of the predictions.

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2017年11月11日 (六) 08:41的版本

概論

與天文學的歷史關係

相關條目

註解

參考資料

外部連結