男性健康：修订间差异

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2021年1月3日 (日) 15:41的版本

男性健康（Men's health）是有關男性的健康議題，依WHO的定義，健康「不僅為疾病或虛弱之消除，而是體格，精神與社會之完全健康狀態。」^[1]。男性和女性健康議題上的差異可能是因為生理因素（例如男性性器官或是荷爾蒙）、行為因素（男性比較容易有不健康或是危險的行為，也比較少看醫生）及社會因素（例如工作）^[2]^{[與來源不符]}。男性的健康議題常和生理結構（如男性生殖系統）或因為性激素有關的病症有關。有些病症會影響男性以及女性，例如癌症及職業死亡（英语：Occupational fatality），但在男性和女性身上的影響方式不同^[3]。男性的健康議題也包括一些醫療上的處境，男性面對的問題有些是延伸到他們的生理以外的議題，例如有關醫學治療取得以及社會經濟學因素上的性別差異^[4]^[5]^[6]。有些會影響兩性的疾病比較容易發生在男性身上。在撒哈拉沙漠以南之外的區域，男性得到艾滋病的風險較高，這和男男性行為（英语：HIV and men who have sex with men）有關，而且常常是针对男性的强奸^[7]^[8]。

定義

有關「男性健康」的概念，有許多不同的定義。2016年的國際文獻評審發現有七種不同的定義，已依照WHO對於健康的通用定義重新下了「男性健康」的定義，避免一些男性特定的疾病，以及一些男性的刻板印象^[9]。

預期壽命

雖然男性及女性的預期壽命都在增加，男性預期壽命會比女性要短，不論種族或是地區都有此特點^[10]^[11]。依照世界卫生组织的數據，自2016年起，男性和女性的預期壽命差距約在4.4歲^[12]。不過，不同國家的差距會有不同，低收入的國家其男女預期壽命差距較小^[13]。男性預期壽命較短的原因，有生理性因素、行為性因素，也有社會性因素，不過還不知道各因素中的相對重要性^[14]。對健康的整體態度也隨性別而不同，男性比較不會主動看醫生，因此導致健康狀況較差^[15]。

參考資料

^ WHO Definition of Health. Archived copy. [2016-07-06]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-07）. Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19–22 June 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948.
^ Men's Health. medlineplus.gov. [2019-10-31]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-14）.
^ Almost Every Type of Cancer Kills More Men Than Women, Study Shows http://healthland.time.com/2011/07/13/almost-every-type-of-cancer-kills-more-men-than-women-study-shows （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Time, 13 July 2011
^ Williams DR. The health of men: structured inequalities and opportunities. Am J Public Health. 2003, 93 (5): 724–31. PMC 1447828 . PMID 12721133. doi:10.2105/ajph.93.5.724.
^ "Men’s Health and Primary Care: Improving Access and Outcomes". http://www.ecoo.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/mens-health-and-primary-care-emhf-roundtable-report.2013.medium-res.pdf （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ "The State of Men’s Health in Europe". http://ec.europa.eu/health/population_groups/docs/men_health_report_en.pdf （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） ISBN 978-92-79-20167-7 doi:10.2772/60721
^ Gender Statistics Manual. United Nations Statistics Division. May 2015 [29 November 2015]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-23）.
^ Is the US the only country where more men are raped than women?. The Guardian. 21 February 2012 [29 November 2015]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-08）.
^ Bardehle D, Dinges M, White A. Was ist Männergesundheit? Eine Definition (PDF). Gesundheitswesen (Review). July 2016, 78 (7): e30–9. PMID 26492389. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1564077 （德语）.
^ Life Expectancy by Country 2019. World Population Review. [31 October 2019].
^ Mars vs. Venus: The gender gap in health. Harvard Medical School. Harvard Health Publishing. [31 October 2019].
^ Global Health Observatory data on Life Expectancy. World Health Organization.
^ Thornton, Jacqui. WHO report shows that women outlive men worldwide. BMJ. 5 April 2019, 365: l1631. PMID 30952650. S2CID 96448990. doi:10.1136/bmj.l1631.
^ Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Beltekian, Diana. Why do women live longer than men?. Our World in Data. [31 October 2019].
^ Baker, Peter; Dworkin, Shari L; Tong, Sengfah; Banks, Ian; Shand, Tim; Yamey, Gavin. The men's health gap: men must be included in the global health equity agenda. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. March 6, 2014, 92 (8): 618–620 [31 October 2019]. PMC 4147416 . PMID 25197149. doi:10.2471/BLT.13.132795.

外部連結

[1] WHO Definition of Health. Archived copy. [2016-07-06]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-07）. Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19–22 June 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948.

[2] Men's Health. medlineplus.gov. [2019-10-31]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-14）.

[3] Almost Every Type of Cancer Kills More Men Than Women, Study Shows http://healthland.time.com/2011/07/13/almost-every-type-of-cancer-kills-more-men-than-women-study-shows （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Time, 13 July 2011

[4] Williams DR. The health of men: structured inequalities and opportunities. Am J Public Health. 2003, 93 (5): 724–31. PMC 1447828 . PMID 12721133. doi:10.2105/ajph.93.5.724.

[5] "Men’s Health and Primary Care: Improving Access and Outcomes". http://www.ecoo.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/mens-health-and-primary-care-emhf-roundtable-report.2013.medium-res.pdf （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[6] "The State of Men’s Health in Europe". http://ec.europa.eu/health/population_groups/docs/men_health_report_en.pdf （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） ISBN 978-92-79-20167-7 doi:10.2772/60721

[7] Gender Statistics Manual. United Nations Statistics Division. May 2015 [29 November 2015]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-23）.

[8] Is the US the only country where more men are raped than women?. The Guardian. 21 February 2012 [29 November 2015]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-08）.

[Männergesundheit-9] Bardehle D, Dinges M, White A. Was ist Männergesundheit? Eine Definition (PDF). Gesundheitswesen (Review). July 2016, 78 (7): e30–9. PMID 26492389. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1564077 （德语）.

[10] Life Expectancy by Country 2019. World Population Review. [31 October 2019].

[:15-11] Mars vs. Venus: The gender gap in health. Harvard Medical School. Harvard Health Publishing. [31 October 2019].

[12] Global Health Observatory data on Life Expectancy. World Health Organization.

[13] Thornton, Jacqui. WHO report shows that women outlive men worldwide. BMJ. 5 April 2019, 365: l1631. PMID 30952650. S2CID 96448990. doi:10.1136/bmj.l1631.

[14] Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Beltekian, Diana. Why do women live longer than men?. Our World in Data. [31 October 2019].

[:16-15] Baker, Peter; Dworkin, Shari L; Tong, Sengfah; Banks, Ian; Shand, Tim; Yamey, Gavin. The men's health gap: men must be included in the global health equity agenda. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. March 6, 2014, 92 (8): 618–620 [31 October 2019]. PMC 4147416 . PMID 25197149. doi:10.2471/BLT.13.132795.

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 == 定義 ==
 有關「男性健康」的概念，有許多不同的定義。2016年的國際文獻評審發現有七種不同的定義，已依照WHO對於健康的通用定義重新下了「男性健康」的定義，避免一些男性特定的疾病，以及一些男性的刻板印象<ref name=Männergesundheit>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bardehle D, Dinges M, White A |title=Was ist Männergesundheit? Eine Definition |journal=Gesundheitswesen |volume=78 |issue=7 |pages=e30–9 |date=July 2016 |pmid=26492389 |doi=10.1055/s-0035-1564077 |language=de |type=Review|url=http://eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/1352/7/Was%20ist%20M%C3%A4nnergesundheit%20-%20Eine%20Definition%20Upload.pdf }}</ref>。
+== 預期壽命 ==
+雖然男性及女性的[[預期壽命]]都在增加，男性預期壽命會比女性要短，不論種族或是地區都有此特點<ref>{{cite web |title=Life Expectancy by Country 2019 |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/life-expectancy-by-country/ |website=World Population Review |accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{cite web |title=Mars vs. Venus: The gender gap in health |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/mars-vs-venus-the-gender-gap-in-health |website=Harvard Medical School |publisher=Harvard Health Publishing |accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref>。依照世界卫生组织的數據，自2016年起，男性和女性的預期壽命差距約在4.4歲<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Health Observatory data on Life Expectancy |url=https://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/life_tables/situation_trends_text/en/ |website=World Health Organization}}</ref>。不過，不同國家的差距會有不同，低收入的國家其男女預期壽命差距較小<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thornton |first1=Jacqui |title=WHO report shows that women outlive men worldwide |journal=BMJ |volume=365 |date=5 April 2019 |pages=l1631 |doi=10.1136/bmj.l1631 |pmid=30952650 |s2cid=96448990 |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/365/bmj.l1631}}</ref>。男性預期壽命較短的原因，有生理性因素、行為性因素，也有社會性因素，不過還不知道各因素中的相對重要性<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ortiz-Ospina |first1=Esteban |last2=Beltekian |first2=Diana |title=Why do women live longer than men? |url=https://ourworldindata.org/why-do-women-live-longer-than-men |website=Our World in Data |accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref>。對健康的整體態度也隨性別而不同，男性比較不會主動看醫生，因此導致健康狀況較差<ref name=":16">{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |last2=Dworkin |first2=Shari L |last3=Tong |first3=Sengfah |last4=Banks |first4=Ian |last5=Shand |first5=Tim |last6=Yamey |first6=Gavin |title=The men's health gap: men must be included in the global health equity agenda |journal= Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=92 |issue=8 |pages=618–620 |date=March 6, 2014 |doi=10.2471/BLT.13.132795 |pmid=25197149 |pmc=4147416 |url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/92/8/13-132795/en/ |accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref>。
 ==相關條目==
 *[[男科學]]