主权国家：修订间差异

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2021年11月5日 (五) 02:15的版本

主权国家（英語：Sovereign State）是一个政治实体，由一个对某一地理区域拥有主权的中央政府（英语：Centralized government）代表。国际法将主权国家定义为拥有长住人口、确定领土、一个政府和与其他主权国家建立关系能力的国家。^[1]^[2] 通常也会被理解为主权国家即独立国家。^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] 而根据国家宣示说的理论，一个主权国家可以在没有得到其他主权国家承认的情况下存在。^[7]^[8]^[9] 但是，未被承认的主权国家会发现其难以行使完整的条约制定权或与其他主权国家建立外交关系。

历史渊源

现代起源

承认方式

国家与政府的关系

国家灭亡

国家本体论的地位

国家数量的趋势

参考资料

脚注

^ Malcolm N. Shaw. International Law 8th Edition. 剑桥大学出版社. 2017-09-14: 178. ISBN 9781316638538 （英语）. Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, 1 lays down the most widely accepted formulation of the criteria of statehood in international law. It note that the state as an international person should possess the following qualifications: '(a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with other states'
^ Nandasiri Jasentuliyana (编). Perspectives on International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1995-11-02: 20. ISBN 9789041108845 （英语）. So far as States are concerned, the traditional definitions provided for in the Montevideo Convention remain generally accepted.
^ Henry Wheaton. Elements of International Law: With a Sketch of the History of the Science 2. B. Fellowes. 1836: 51 [2021-11-04] （英语）. A sovereign state is generally defined to be any nation or people, whatever may be the form of its internal constitution, which governs itself independently of foreign powers.
^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 4th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006. ISBN 9780618701728 （英语）. sovereign: adj. 1. Self-governing; independent: a sovereign state.
^ The New Oxford American Dictionary 2ed Edition. 牛津大学出版社. 2005. ISBN 9780195170771 （英语）. sovereign: adjective ... [ attrib. ] (of a nation or state) fully independent and determining its own affairs.
^ Alain Pellet. The Opinions of the Badinter Arbitration Committee a Second Breath for the Self-Determination of Peoples (PDF). European Journal of International Law. 1992, 3 (1): 182 [2021-11-04] （英语）. The Committee considers [...] that the state is commonly defined as a community which consists of a territory and a population subject to an organized political authority; that such a state is characterized by sovereignty; [...]
^ Thomas D. Grant. The Recognition of States: Law and Practice in Debate and Evolution. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1999. ISBN 9780275963507 （英语）.
^ Hersch Lauterpacht. Recognition in International Law 2nd Edition. 剑桥大学出版社. 2012: 64. ISBN 9781107609433 （英语）.
^ 施正鋒. 國家主權的取得. 民报. 2016-10-11 （中文（繁體））. 根據「宣示說」（declaratory theory），國家的存在是客觀的事實，並不需要他人的承認；……

文献

Schmandt, Henry J.; Steinbicker, Paul George. Fundamentals of Government. Bruce Publishing Company. 1956 （英语）.

延伸阅读

Antony Anghie（英语：Antony Anghie）. Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press. 2005-01-03. ISBN 9780521828925 （英语）.

Charles R. Butcher; Ryan D. Griffiths. States and their international relations since 1816: introducing version 2 of the International System(s) Dataset (ISD). International Interactions. 2020, 46 (2): 291–308. doi:10.1080/03050629.2020.1707199 （英语）.

Ti-chiang Chen. The International Law of Recognition : With Special Reference to Practice in Great Britain and the United States. International Affairs. 1952-04, 18 (2): 208–209. doi:10.2307/2604040 （英语）.

James Crawford. The Creation of States in International Law 2ed Endtion. Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 9780198254027 （英语）.

Dieter Grimm. Sovereignty: The Origin and Future of a Political and Legal Concept 2ed Endtion. Columbia University Press. 2015-04-21. ISBN 9780231539302 （英语）.

Hersch Lauterpacht. Recognition in International Law 2ed Endtion. Cambridge University Press. 2012. ISBN 9781107609433 （英语）.

Macmillan Education Ltd; Richard Muir. Modern Political Geography. Macmillan International Higher Education. 2015. ISBN 9781349860760 （英语）.

D. Raič. Statehood and the Law of Self-Determination. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2002-09-25. ISBN 9789041118905 （英语）.

Henry J. Schmandt; Paul George Steinbicker. Part Three. The Philosophy of the State". Fundamentals of Government. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company. 1954. LCCN 54010666 （英语）.

外部链接

《International Law - A Brief Primer》（英文）——Nathaniel Burney 著
Michael Ross Fowler; Julie Marie Bunck. What constitutes the sovereign state?. Review of International Studies. 1996-10, 22 (4): 381 – 404. doi:10.1017/S0260210500118637 （英语）.
Legal opinion by the Negotiations Support Unit in the Palestinian Authority on transitional sovereignty（英文）

[1] Malcolm N. Shaw. International Law 8th Edition. 剑桥大学出版社. 2017-09-14: 178. ISBN 9781316638538 （英语）. Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, 1 lays down the most widely accepted formulation of the criteria of statehood in international law. It note that the state as an international person should possess the following qualifications: '(a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with other states'

[2] Nandasiri Jasentuliyana (编). Perspectives on International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1995-11-02: 20. ISBN 9789041108845 （英语）. So far as States are concerned, the traditional definitions provided for in the Montevideo Convention remain generally accepted.

[3] Henry Wheaton. Elements of International Law: With a Sketch of the History of the Science 2. B. Fellowes. 1836: 51 [2021-11-04] （英语）. A sovereign state is generally defined to be any nation or people, whatever may be the form of its internal constitution, which governs itself independently of foreign powers.

[4] The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 4th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006. ISBN 9780618701728 （英语）. sovereign: adj. 1. Self-governing; independent: a sovereign state.

[5] The New Oxford American Dictionary 2ed Edition. 牛津大学出版社. 2005. ISBN 9780195170771 （英语）. sovereign: adjective ... [ attrib. ] (of a nation or state) fully independent and determining its own affairs.

[6] Alain Pellet. The Opinions of the Badinter Arbitration Committee a Second Breath for the Self-Determination of Peoples (PDF). European Journal of International Law. 1992, 3 (1): 182 [2021-11-04] （英语）. The Committee considers [...] that the state is commonly defined as a community which consists of a territory and a population subject to an organized political authority; that such a state is characterized by sovereignty; [...]

[7] Thomas D. Grant. The Recognition of States: Law and Practice in Debate and Evolution. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1999. ISBN 9780275963507 （英语）.

[8] Hersch Lauterpacht. Recognition in International Law 2nd Edition. 剑桥大学出版社. 2012: 64. ISBN 9781107609433 （英语）.

[9] 施正鋒. 國家主權的取得. 民报. 2016-10-11 （中文（繁體））. 根據「宣示說」（declaratory theory），國家的存在是客觀的事實，並不需要他人的承認；……

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@@ 第58行： / 第58行： @@
 == 延伸阅读 ==
+* {{cite book |author1={{Link-en|安东尼·安吉|Antony Anghie|Antony Anghie}} |title=Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law |date=2005-01-03 |publisher=[[劍橋大學出版社|Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521828925 |edition=2nd Edition |language=en}}
+* {{cite journal |author1=Charles R. Butcher |author2=Ryan D. Griffiths |title=States and their international relations since 1816: introducing version 2 of the International System(s) Dataset (ISD) |journal=International Interactions |date=2020 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=291-308 |doi=10.1080/03050629.2020.1707199 |language=en}}
+* {{cite journal |author1=Ti-chiang Chen |title=The International Law of Recognition : With Special Reference to Practice in Great Britain and the United States |journal=International Affairs |date=1952-04 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=208–209 |doi=10.2307/2604040 |language=en}}
+* {{cite book |author1=James Crawford |title=The Creation of States in International Law |date=2005 |publisher=[[牛津大學出版社|Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780198254027 |edition=2ed Endtion |language=en}}
+* {{cite book |author1=Dieter Grimm |title=Sovereignty: The Origin and Future of a Political and Legal Concept |date=2015-04-21 |publisher=[[哥倫比亞大學出版社|Columbia University Press]] |isbn=9780231539302 |edition=2ed Endtion |language=en}}
+* {{cite book |author1=Hersch Lauterpacht |title=Recognition in International Law |date=2012 |publisher=[[劍橋大學出版社|Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781107609433 |edition=2ed Endtion |language=en}}
+* {{cite book |author1=Macmillan Education Ltd |author2=Richard Muir |title=Modern Political Geography |date=2015 |publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education |isbn=9781349860760 |language=en}}
+* {{cite book |author1=D. Raič |title=Statehood and the Law of Self-Determination |date=2002-09-25 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=9789041118905 |language=en}}
+* {{cite book |author1=Henry J. Schmandt |author2=Paul George Steinbicker |title=Fundamentals of Government |date=1954 |publisher=The Bruce Publishing Company |location=Milwaukee |lccn=54010666 |language=en |chapter=Part Three. The Philosophy of the State"}}
 == 外部链接 ==